tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19837232189245202622024-03-05T06:05:48.120-08:00Aghaz-e-NauWe Provide Counseling Services and Psychological Help on Youth Issues, We also Provide Training Workshops on Personal Development.Mahmooda Aftabhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04045675562174921762noreply@blogger.comBlogger125125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1983723218924520262.post-18042503927306797002021-06-02T02:04:00.012-07:002021-06-07T02:21:38.124-07:00Become a partner to share more profit from CoinPayU!<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://r.adbtc.top/1047378" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"><img border="0" data-original-height="90" data-original-width="720" height="84" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKism-p4YmZNqc0Ga6lhEfPDgHSRbXdMIGPAHhqY4q5J7GYWlzuXPNdrzB6B9vfjVh5ZDW4crQCeFeZMjlbDc54pH-fG2UVW7DrlckcLe63BaxOuKv-5LVUga-vCxQcw4-DZQ_8a9cL9nW/w592-h84/banner_728x90.png" width="592" /></a></div><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"> </div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: PingFang; font-size: 40px;">World's largest free crypto platform.</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: PingFang; font-size: 40px; text-align: center;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.coinpayu.com/?r=maftab92" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1920" height="258" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUk6UPiKWe1L6ex9tAQlSM_Iw1vfjkWghcgYVb3VQHeXl2cQJzz6AX74N7Akw-Zd3Edf25ztiEWpvC8snZTb3pDGgsnZv6qVm9Zp8xXHobNbVGZpUNsm9ft-7Q1-VaXeteVozP7IIg8tst/w467-h258/2.jpg" width="467" /></a></div><br /><p></p><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div>Mahmooda Aftabhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04045675562174921762noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1983723218924520262.post-44758876188438530812021-05-31T04:32:00.008-07:002021-06-02T01:55:36.794-07:00ShareCash Lets You Make $500 per DAY From HOME - JOIN ME & Make Money from your Home<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://ref.sharecash.co/maftab92" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;" target="_blank"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="1042" data-original-width="1043" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimk2czysIWwjbs4i6b5cT1bIWX6j3GqjCrQIr4nVjK7tvlLfUThMrBzVI3AsQ0YNnJpnYOK2bT6HXF84mSX28e74vuF7BiTVZdSdFkdYLgCWuE5F_vLguHFyOgXEo2q-sKqvRojpfVWO2x/s400/1.jpg" width="400" /></a><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><span>Sign up today for a <a href="https://ref.sharecash.co/maftab92" target="_blank">$25 bonus!</a> Make money online with ShareCash. It pays you for referring friends and family to their website. You can earn up to $10 per referral. Want to know why it works and where the money comes from? Check out this link: https://sharecash.co and s</span><span>ign up with my referral link for <a href="https://ref.sharecash.co/maftab92" target="_blank">$25 bonus!</a> Limited time only!</span></span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><br /><div style="text-align: center;"> </div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></div>Mahmooda Aftabhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04045675562174921762noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1983723218924520262.post-20156707927128848962020-06-10T09:03:00.005-07:002021-04-09T08:22:17.850-07:00IMPACT OF OVERCONFIDENCE AND SELF-ATTRIBUTION BIAS ON INVESTMENT DECISION OF INDIVIDUAL INVESTORS: LITERATURE REVIEW
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;"
><br
/></span>
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<span
style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;"
>For quite a while everybody believed that the customary account
hypothesis is right since it expresses that financial specialists
comprehend discerning reasoning and settle on intentional choices
dependent on the utilization of various methodologies or monetary models.
In any case, after various examinations, it was discovered that human
choices frequently rely upon their inclination, convictions, and
propensities, mental or enthusiastic predispositions that are profoundly
established in one's psyche. The BF has started to advance in the wake of
gathering a great deal of data in the new field, which explicitly affirms
human conduct, which is a logical inconsistency to the conventional
account hypothesis. As indicated by </span
>Kahneman, (2011)
<span
style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;"
>BF is an investigation of how brain science impacts the money related
dynamic procedure and monetary markets. As brain research investigates
human judgment, conduct, and prosperity, it can likewise give significant
realities about how human capacities vary from conventional monetary
suspicions. <o:p></o:p
></span>
</div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span
style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;"
>Presumptuousness implies a propensity for overestimating one's capacity
to perform well in given errands, for example, the choice to contribute.
Pomposity has a few structures, for example, better than normal or
idealism inclination and setting too elevated requirements. Pomposity
causes overabundance exchanging which can be dangerous to monetary
prosperity (</span
>Adhikari (2010)<span
style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;"
>). Self-attribution inclination alludes to a propensity to overestimate
how much individuals are answerable for their own prosperity. Individuals
are inclined to credit accomplishment to their own manners and inability
to outer components. In a comparable vein, the achievement of dealers
prompts expanded carelessness. At the point when a merchant is fruitful,
he traits a lot of his prosperity to his own capacity and overhauls his
convictions about his capacity upward to an extreme, which builds
arrogance </span
>Ranasinghe,<span
style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;"
>
(2015). In any case, the introduction to social inclinations isn't
homogenous. Certain elements are accounted for to clarify the degree of
presentation. The same number of studies demonstrate that men tend to be
pompous than ladies have. It was additionally seen that presumptuousness
diminishes with age and it was likewise contemplated that mastery lessens
the level of tying down predisposition. <o:p></o:p
></span>
</div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span
style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;"
>The Modern venture hypothesis and its application are predicated on the
Efficient Markets Hypothesis (EMH), the suspicion that business sectors
completely and immediately incorporate all accessible data into showcase
costs. Basic this complete thought is the suspicion that the market
members are consummately sound, and consistently act in personal
circumstances, settling on ideal choices </span
>Shabgou, (2016)<span
style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;"
>. These suppositions have been tested. It is hard to tip over the
Neo-traditional show that has yielded such bits of knowledge as portfolio
streamlining, the "Capital Asset Pricing Model", the "Exchange Pricing
Theory", the "Cox Ingersoll-Ross hypothesis" of the term structure of loan
fees, and the "Dark Scholes/Merton choice estimating model", which are all
predicated on the EMH somehow </span
>Shorafa, (2016)<span
style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;"
>. At not many focuses the EMH scrutinizes the current writing of social
account, which shows the distinction of sentiment on brain research and
financial matters. The field of brain research has its underlying
foundations in exact perception, controlled experimentation, and clinical
applications. As indicated by brain science, conduct is the primary
substance of study, and simply after controlled exploratory measurements
do therapists endeavor to make inductions about the inceptions of such
conduct. Despite what might be expected, financial analysts regularly get
conduct proverbially from basic standards, for example, anticipated
utility boost, making it simpler for us to foresee monetary conduct that
is routinely disproved exactly <o:p></o:p
></span>
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<div
style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 12pt; text-align: justify;"
>
<span
style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;"
>The greatest danger to the modern portfolio hypothesis is the hypothesis
of behavioral finance. It is an examination of why speculators settle on
nonsensical choices regarding their cash, typical circulation of expected
returns, for the most part, has all the earmarks of being invalid and
furthermore that the financial specialists bolster upside chances instead
of drawback dangers. The hypothesis of the behavioral account is inverse
to the customary hypothesis of finance which manages human feelings,
assessments, conditions, inclinations on aggregate just as an individual
premise. Conduct money hypothesis is useful in clarifying the past acts of
financial specialists and furthermore to decide the fate of speculators
(</span
>Rotich<span
style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;"
>, 2016). <o:p></o:p
></span>
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>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"
><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"
>2.2 Behavioral Finance<o:p></o:p></span
></b>
</div>
<div
class="MsoNormal"
style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"
>
<span
style='color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;'
>Behavioral finance is an idea of the account which manages funds
consolidating discoveries from brain research and humanism. It is
inspected that social money is commonly founded on singular conduct or on
the suggestion for budgetary market results. There are numerous models
clarifying behavioral finance that clarifies financial specialist's
conduct or market abnormalities where the levelheaded models neglect to
give satisfactory data (</span
><span
style='font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;'
>Velumoni, 2017)</span
><span
style='color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;'
>. We don't anticipate that such an examination should give a technique to
rake in boatloads of cash from the wasteful money related market quickly.
<o:p></o:p
></span>
</div>
<div
class="MsoNormal"
style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"
>
<span
style='color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;'
>Behavioral finance has fundamentally risen up out of the speculations of
psychology, sociology and anthropology studies, which are the
ramifications of these speculations seem, by all accounts, to be
noteworthy for the productive market theory, that depends on the
constructive idea that individuals act reasonably, amplify their utility
and can costs perception, various peculiarities have shown up, which thus
propose that in the effective market the guideline of normal conduct isn't
constantly right. In this way, breaking down other models of human conduct
has come up (</span
><span
style='font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;'
>Allameh, 2015)</span
><span
style='color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;'
>. <o:p></o:p
></span>
</div>
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class="MsoNormal"
style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"
>
<span
style='color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;'
>Further (</span
><span
style='font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;'
>Bakar, 2016</span
><span
style='color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;'
>) clarified the idea where he says that People like to identify with the
securities exchange as an individual having various dispositions, it tends
to be awful tempered or cheerful, it overcompensates one day and carries
on ordinarily a few days ago. As we realize that human conduct is flighty
and it carries on diversely in various circumstances. Of late numerous
analysts have recommended the possibility that mental investigation of
speculators might be useful in understanding the money related markets
better. To do so it is essential to comprehend the conduct money
introducing the idea that the conventional hypothesis has overestimated
the discernment of financial specialists, their inclinations in choices
throwing a total effect on resource costs. To numerous scientists, the
investigation of conduct in money had all the earmarks of being a
transformation. <o:p></o:p
></span>
</div>
<div
class="MsoNormal"
style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"
>
<span
style='color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;'
>As it changes individuals' mindset and recognition about the business
sectors and variables that impact the business sectors. "The worldview is
moving. Individuals are proceeding to stroll over the fringe from the
conventional to the social camp. On the opposite certain individuals
accept that might be its too soon consider it an insurgency. Eugene Fama
(</span
><span
style='font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;'
>Kumari, 2016</span
><span
style='color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;'
>) contended that Behavioral account has not so much indicated impacts on
the world costs, and the models repudiate each other on various purposes
of times. Giving exceptionally less record to the behaviorist
clarifications of patterns and the anomalies "oddity" (any event or item
that is weird, uncommon, or one of a kind) Also contended that so as to
find the examples the information mining procedures are a lot of
supportive. <o:p></o:p
></span>
</div>
<div
class="MsoNormal"
style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"
>
<span
style='color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;'
>Different scientists have likewise scrutinized the possibility that the
conduct fund models will, in general, supplant the conventional models of
market capacities. The shortcomings right now, by him (</span
><span
style='font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;'
>Sinha, 2018</span
><span
style='color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;'
>) are that for the most part overcompensation and under response are the
significant reasons for the market conduct. Where People take the conduct
that is by all accounts simple for the specific investigation paying
little mind to the way that whether these predispositions are either an
essential factor of monetary powers or not. Also, Lack of prepared and
master individuals. The field needs more prepared experts both in the
brain science or fund fields and along these lines thus the models
introduced is being assembled up are ad-libbed. <o:p></o:p
></span>
</div>
<div
class="MsoNormal"
style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"
>
<span
style='color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;'
>Wang, (2013</span
><span
style='color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;'
>) centers around the individual conduct affecting resource costs and
clarifying that the field of the social fund is presently in its formative
stage, in its method for improvement it is confronting a great deal of
contradiction which itself is a beneficial one. Wang calls attention to
that on the off chance that we apply the theoretical models of the social
funds to the corporate account, it can significantly pay off. On the off
chance that the cash supervisors are mistakenly reasonable, that implies
that they are likely not assessing their venture procedures effectively.
They may make the wrong choices in their capital structure choices. It has
been discovered that many individuals anticipate conduct account uprooting
the well-established Efficient Markets hypothesis. On the opposite the
hidden presumption that the speculators and the administrators are totally
levelheaded bodes well to numerous individuals. <o:p></o:p
></span>
</div>
<div
class="MsoNormal"
style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"
>
<span
style='color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;'
>The presentation in the securities exchange is estimated at the regular
schedule and not to sit tight for a profoundly emotional yearly audit of
one's exhibition by one's predominant. The market grades you regularly.
The more brilliant one is, the surer one is the fate of one's capacity to
succeed, and customers bolster them by confiding in them that in the end
helps their professions. In any case, in all actuality barely any cash
chiefs put an inadequate measure of time and exertion to make sense of
what works and build up a lot of venture standards to control their
speculation choices (</span
><span
style='font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;'
>Tuyon, 2016</span
><span
style='color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;'
>). Further, Browne talked about the significance of advantage allotment
and hazard avoidance, so as to comprehend why we do what we do whether or
not it is discerning or not. The overall population settles on cash
Managers to manage their funds and these supervisors are classified in
three different ways: Value Managers, Growth Managers, and Market Neutral
Managers. <o:p></o:p
></span>
</div>
<div
class="MsoNormal"
style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"
>
<span
style='color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;'
>Most by far of cash administrators are ordered as either esteem chiefs or
development supervisors albeit a third classification, advertise unbiased
directors, is picking up fame nowadays and may before long opponent the
alleged methodologies of significant worth and development. Some
speculation the board firms even are being mindful by offering all styles
of ventures. What too hardly any cash directors do is break down the
essential money related attributes of portfolios that produce long haul
advertise beating results, and build up a lot of venture rules that depend
on those discoveries (</span
><span
style='font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;'
>Mouna, 2015)</span
><span
style='color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;'
>. The distinction of feeling on the meaning of Value is the issue. The
purposes behind this are two-crease, one being the commonsense truth of
overseeing enormous totals of cash, and the other identified with
conduct.<o:p></o:p
></span>
</div>
<div
class="Default"
style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12pt; text-align: justify;"
>
<span style="background: white; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"
>As the benefits under the administration of a counselor develop, the
universe of potential stocks shrivels. Breaking down that why individual
and expert speculators don't change their conduct in any event, when they
face exact proof that recommends that their choices are not exactly ideal.
A response to this inquiry is said to be that being a contrarian may
essentially be unreasonably dangerous for the normal individual or expert
(</span
>Taleb, 2005)<span
style="background: white; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"
>. On the off chance that an individual isn't right on the aggregate
premise, where every other person likewise had committed an error, the
outcomes expertly and for one's own confidence are far not exactly if an
individual isn't right alone. The crowd sense takes into consideration the
solace of security in larger groups. The other explanation is that people
attempt to act a similar way and don't will in general change strategies
in the event that they are upbeat. On the off chance that the outcomes are
not very difficult people can be content with problematic outcomes.
Besides, people who will, in general, be miserable cause changes to
frequently and in the long run wind up being similarly as despondent in
their new conditions. <o:p></o:p
></span>
</div>
<div
class="Default"
style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12pt; text-align: justify;"
>
<span style="background: white; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"
>As per the conventional perspective on investment, the executives,
principal powers drive markets, anyway, numerous other venture firms
consider to be dynamic and working out dependent on their accomplished
judgment. It is likewise accepted that Judgmental supersedes of value and
fundamental powers of business sectors can be deadly just as a reason for
Financial Disappointment. From history it has been discovered that
individuals override at inappropriate occasions and much of the time would
be in an ideal situation adhering to their speculation disciplines (</span
>Scivantage, 2015<span
style="background: white; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"
>) and the motivation to this conduct is the cognitive inclination.
<o:p></o:p
></span>
</div>
<div
class="Default"
style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12pt; text-align: justify;"
>
<span style="background: white; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"
>As indicated by numerous scientists, loads of little organizations with
low value/book proportions give overabundance returns. In this way, given
a decision among little modest stocks and enormous costly stocks,
unmistakable speculators (money related experts, senior organization
administrators, and friends executives) will positively favor the little
modest ones. Be that as it may, the truth of the matter is inverse to this
circumstance where these noticeable financial specialists would decide on
huge expensive ones thus experience the ill effects of intellectual
inclination and further lament. As indicated by a study in the mid-1990s,
exploration was done that included senior officials and chiefs where they
should rank organizations in the comparable business dependent on eight
elements. Nature of Management, Quality of items and administrations,
Innovativeness, Long term Investment esteem, Financial adequacy, Ability
to draw in, create and keep gifted individuals, Responsibility to the
network and condition, Wise Use of Corporate resources. (</span
>Santhebennur, 2015<span
style="background: white; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"
>). <o:p></o:p
></span>
</div>
<div
class="Default"
style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12pt; text-align: justify;"
>
<span style="background: white; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"
>The suspicions that we made were that that "Long haul speculation worth
ought to be adversely connected with size since little stocks give
prevalent returns. Long haul Investment worth should have a negative
connection with Price/book since low Price/Book stocks give prevalent
returns". (</span
>Gray, 2014<span
style="background: white; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"
>). While the aftereffects of the study were opposite that expressed that
Long Term Investment had a positive connection with the size and
furthermore that the Long expression venture esteem had a positive
relationship with the Price/Book stocks. <o:p></o:p
></span>
</div>
<div
class="Default"
style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12pt; text-align: justify;"
>
<span style="background: white; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"
>As per a couple of noticeable speculators overestimate the likelihood
that a decent organization is a decent stock, depending on the agent
heuristics, presuming that predominant organizations make unrivaled
stocks. Abhorrence for Regret: repugnance for lament is not quite the same
as antipathy for hazard; Regret is intense when the individual must assume
liability for the ultimate result. Repugnance for lament prompts an
inclination for loads of good organizations. The decision of the supplies
of terrible organizations includes progressively moral duty and a higher
likelihood of disappointment. In this manner, we discover there are two
significant Cognitive mistakes: "We have a twofold subjective blunder:
great organization consistently makes great stock, and includes less
responsibility (</span
>Kunte, 2015<span
style="background: white; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"
>) The Anti Cognitive inclination activities would concede your claimed
stocks, conceding prior venture botches. Further assuming the liability
for the activities to improve their exhibition later on. The explanations
behind all the accessible orders, devices, and quantitative strategies is
to manage the Cognitive inclination mistake, where the quantitative
venture procedures empower the speculation supervisors to defeat
subjective predisposition, follow sound speculation, and in the end be
fruitful contrarian financial specialist. Conduct money likewise is
exceptionally useful in comprehension legitimizing government association
in the contributing choices of people. The disappointment of a large
number of individuals to spare appropriately for their future is likewise
a central issue of social money. With the assistance of two significant
models, Shiller clarifies how Government association can impact budgetary
ventures of people. The present was to pick among various speculation
choices to contribute until the youngster grows up. This is an impact done
so as to cause the guardians to feel associated with speculations and the
current economy. Another model: as it is said that individuals should be
vigorously dynamic in securities exchange when they are youthful thus by
and large ought to diminish the movement with age (</span
>Staley, 2015)<span
style="background: white; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"
>. <o:p></o:p
></span>
</div>
<div
class="Default"
style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12pt; text-align: justify;"
>
<span style="background: white; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"
>In 2005 the USA president reported one such arrangement for individual
record "life – cycle finance" which would be among the alternative that
works will be offered to contribute their own record (</span
>Lewis, 2014)<span
style="background: white; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"
>. It was a highlight of the president's proposition pod a significant
point to be seen as the default choice. A significant part of conduct
money is the human consideration is impulsive spotlights intensely that
equivalent occasions on monetary computations and are dependent upon
interruption and dissemination of default alternative is focal. This
presents to us an inquiry that what should an intertemporal analyzer do to
deal with his portfolio over the lifetime. As indicated by Samuelson
somebody who wished to expand the normal estimation of his intertemporal
utility capacity by dealing with the distribution of the portfolio between
a high yielding resource and less yielding resource would not really
change the assignment through time (</span
><span
face='"ACaslon-Regular",serif'
style="mso-bidi-font-family: ACaslon-Regular;"
>Baker et al., 2007</span
><span style="background: white; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"
>. Neoclassic money shows up profoundly applicable to such a conversation
in, that it offers a suitable hypothetical structure for thinking about
what individuals should do with the portfolio if not what they really do.
Conduct is starting to assume a significant job in open approach, for
example, in government managed savings changes.<o:p></o:p
></span>
</div>
<div
class="Default"
style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12pt; text-align: justify;"
>
<b
><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"
>2.2.1 Behavioral Biases
</span></b
><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span>
</div>
<div
class="MsoNormal"
style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"
>
<span
style='font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;'
>Presumptuousness is a mental inclination influencing the conduct of
people. Individuals who are influenced by arrogance are inclined to
overestimate their own capacities and information. </span
><span
face='"ACaslon-Regular",serif'
style="mso-bidi-font-family: ACaslon-Regular;"
>Wurgler,</span
><span
style='font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;'
>
(2004) reviews American and Swedish understudies who have a driver's
permit about their driving aptitudes. The key finding is that 93% of the
American and 69% of the Swedish understudies assess themselves as
preferred drivers over the normal. This is known as the better-than-normal
impact, which is one of the types of arrogance. <o:p></o:p
></span>
</div>
<div
class="MsoNormal"
style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"
>
<span
style='font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;'
>Presumptuous people extrapolate their own aptitudes and information. This
impact is additionally brought miscalibration or over exactness. </span
><span style='font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;'>Alfredo</span
><span
style='font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;'
>
(2010) considered this impact by soliciting the members from their test to
give low and high gauges to a progression of testing questions. The
members were approached to give their high and low gauges (certainty
interims) in a design that they were 90% sure that the right answer is
between their cutoff points. An all-around adjusted subject ought to give
such restricts that the right answer lies between the cutoff points
multiple times out of ten. In any case, the subjects of the test gave more
off-base answers than nine. They were careless about the gauge despite the
fact that they were cautioned about the inclination. Pompous people
overestimate their abilities to impact future occasions and disparage the
level of hazard they take. The degree of carelessness is seen as high for
troublesome assignments, which require a high level of aptitude and for
gauges with low consistency. <o:p></o:p
></span>
</div>
<div
class="MsoNormal"
style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"
>
<span
style='font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;'
>As per Ackert, (2015) people belittle the time required to finish a
tedious undertaking. Exact examinations have discovered that individuals
who have a high degree aptitude are probably going to be careless. Barber,
(2011) divided administrative arrogance by utilizing the board information
on close to home portfolio and corporate venture choices of Forbes 500
Chief Executive Officers (CEOs). They arrange CEOs as pompous on the off
chance that they reliably neglect to diminish their own presentation to
organization explicit hazard. They report that pompous supervisors
exaggerate the profits to their speculation ventures and consider outer to
be as excessively expensive. Sexual orientation and age are likewise seen
as noteworthy components for deciding an individual's inclination to be
arrogant. Guys are seen as more presumptuous than females in manly
assignments (Harvey, 2014). Men feel that they are progressively fit for
performing great in money related issues than females. Accordingly, guys
have more impact in family unit venture choices. Men additionally exchange
stocks increasingly more as often as possible than ladies. Milan, (2017)
report that youthful guys have a high propensity to attempt chance looking
for exercises. They locate a constructive connection between the quantity
of speeding tickets got by youthful guys in contrast with their exchanging
conduct the financial exchange Empirical investigations have additionally
affirmed that the level of pomposity increments when individuals feel that
they can impact the result of a wild occasion. The chance of settling on a
functioning decision prompts a vibe of control. Individuals accept that
they have better possibility winning in a lottery in the event that they
choose the lottery numbers themselves as opposed to letting the vender
settle on the choice. <o:p></o:p
></span>
</div>
<div
class="MsoNormal"
style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"
>
<span
style='font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;'
>The expanding exposure of World Wide Web during the late 1990s has been a
significant explanation behind conduct influenced by pomposity. The web
gives an entrance to a huge amount of data and makes the people acquainted
with various assignments, which are currently conceivable to deal with on
the web. The web altered putting resources into numerous ways. Speculators
are currently ready to search for stock data on the web, control their
ventures without anyone else and to settle on dynamic decisions to
purchase and sell. These credits have been found to build the inclination
of a person to get arrogant (Barber, 2002). Alongside data accessibility
and assignment nature, an early constructive result to an occasion
likewise drives an individual to get arrogant. The late 1990s was the hour
of a buyer showcase, which gave numerous positive results to speculators
as beneficial ventures. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span
><o:p></o:p
></span>
</div>
<div
class="MsoNormal"
style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"
>
<span
style='font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;'
>As outlined already by the case of developing ubiquity of web based
exchanging, speculators accept that the conclusiveness of their gauges
increment in the event that they have more data accessible. In
straightforward terms, they accept that the nature of their choice 16 is
better in the event that they have more data accessible. This propensity
has been tried exactly for instance by Peterson, (2015). In one of the
mental tests the members were solicited to figure the number from the move
of a reasonable six-sided bite the dust. The members were informed that
the result of the last three rolls was a number four. In the event that
the bite the dust is genuinely reasonable the additional data is totally
immaterial as far as the future likelihood of the pass on roll. The
likelihood of a result extending from 1 to 6 stays at one-6th opportunity
to limitlessness. In any case, with the additional data a portion of the
members accepted that the number four had a more prominent possibility of
being moved once. Essentially a few members accepted that the difference
in four being moved again had diminished. To abridge the discoveries,
individuals accept that the additional data influences their conjecture to
be progressively precise and makes them presumptuous despite the fact that
as a general rule the likelihood continues as before regardless of the
data. Liersch, (2013) investigate the additional data impact brought about
by newsgroups in Internet. By utilizing the web for the wellspring of data
speculators have an entrance to huge measure of authentic information, for
example, past costs, returns and money related proportions of various
organizations. Alongside previous authentic information, the speculators
may likewise screen budgetary news, stock costs and volume
continuously.<o:p></o:p
></span>
</div>
<div
class="Default"
style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12pt; text-align: justify;"
>
<span color="windowtext"
>Normally, just a little level of financial specialists have the
preparation or significant instruction to have the option to decipher the
data appropriately. It is in this way legitimate the speculators who do
not have the preparation search for venture counsel from the Internet. The
online counsel incorporates for instance newsgroups, visit gatherings and
investigator suggestions. The issue with the online data is that it is a
rare occurrence conceivable to distinguish if the individual behind the
posting, remark or proposal is really money proficient or not. The
examination by </span
>Liersch,<span color="windowtext">
(2013) mulls over the stocks prescribed in message sheets and newsgroups.
The stocks proposed for procurement, which had a generally excellent past
execution really failed to meet expectations the market in excess of 19
percent in the next month. When considering all stocks prescribed they
didn't perform fundamentally than the market as an aggregate. </span
>Markowitz,<span color="windowtext">
(2011) find comparable outcomes in their examination. They look at the
message board postings at a famous site called ragingbull.com. Their
primary finding is that there is no connection between the positive
postings in the message board and the resulting returns in the next week.
In any case, they record that uncommonly high message action was in
connection with higher exchanging volume, which continued additionally for
the subsequent day. As per these two investigations, the message sheets
and newsgroups don't contain helpful data for financial specialists. Most
financial specialists don't seem to understand this reality, rather they
fall under the hallucination of information and become pompous. <o:p></o:p
></span>
</div>
<div
class="Default"
style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12pt; text-align: justify;"
>
Jones,<span color="windowtext">
(2012) found that in the fund and financial aspects, conduct
predispositions allude to the inclination of dynamic that outcomes in
silly budgetary choices brought about by defective subjective thinking
and/or thinking affected by feelings. The enthusiasm for predispositions
brought about by broken intellectual thinking or feelings that influence
individual money related </span
><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"
>results has seen the rise of research on social account as an idea.
Spyrou, (2013) understood </span
><span color="windowtext"
>conduct money as the investigation of the impact of brain science on the
conduct of monetary specialists and the consequent impact on business
sectors. </span
>Glaser,
<span color="windowtext"
>(2007) comprehensively characterize social money regarding how brain
science influences fund and all the more absolutely how human conduct
impact resource costs. </span
>Kartasova,<span color="windowtext">
(2013) expected that the data structure and the qualities of market
members deliberately impact individuals‟ venture choices just as market
results. <o:p></o:p
></span>
</div>
<div
class="Default"
style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12pt; text-align: justify;"
>
Sinha,
<span color="windowtext"
>(2016) alluded to social money as conduct financial aspects. The creators
battle that social financial matters joins the twin controls of brain
science and financial matters to clarify why and how individuals settle on
apparently unreasonable or counter-intuitive choices when they spend,
contribute, spare, and acquire cash. A lot of monetary and money related
speculations assume that people demonstrate sanely and consider all
accessible data in the venture dynamic procedure. Notwithstanding, </span
>Zaiane,<span color="windowtext">
(2009) states that there is proof to show rehashed examples of
unreasonableness, irregularity, and ineptitude in the manner in which
individuals show up at choices and decisions when confronted with
vulnerability. Conduct account in this manner takes a gander at how the
financial specialist's conduct impacts venture choices. <o:p></o:p
></span>
</div>
<div
class="Default"
style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12pt; text-align: justify;"
>
Alfredo,<span color="windowtext">
(2010) recommends that since brain science deliberately investigates human
judgment, conduct, and prosperity; it can show us significant realities
about how people contrast from customary financial presumptions. Standard
financial aspects expect that every individual has steady, very much
characterized inclinations and that operators objectively expand those
inclinations. </span
>Chang,<span color="windowtext">
(2008) forecasts that the idea of social account is based upon cutoff
points to exchange and brain science. The creator clarifies that exchange
in financial and fund setting is the act of exploiting a value
differential between at least two markets. It is an exchange that includes
no negative income at any probabilistic or worldly state and a positive
income in any event one state; in this way, chance free benefit. Exchange
is restricted by the way that at whatever point there is any deviation of
the cost from the central cost brought about by the less levelheaded
dealers, it will be adjusted by the judicious merchants, steady with the
proficient market theory. <o:p></o:p
></span>
</div>
<div
class="Default"
style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12pt; text-align: justify;"
>
<span color="windowtext"
>Conduct money thinks about how different mental attributes influence how
people or gatherings air conditioning as a financial specialist, experts,
and portfolio administrators (</span
>Belo<span color="windowtext"
>, 2017). Heuristics can be characterized as the utilization of experience
and viable endeavors to respond to questions or to improve execution</span
>
Chiah,
<span color="windowtext"
>(2016) contend that when confronted with vulnerability, individuals
depend on heuristics or general guidelines to abstractly evaluate the
dangers of options, which diminishes the mind-boggling errands of
surveying probabilities and foreseeing qualities to less complex critical
activities. <o:p></o:p
></span>
</div>
<div
class="Default"
style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12pt; text-align: justify;"
>
<span color="windowtext"
>Because of the way that increasingly more data is spread quicker and
quicker (</span
>Copeland,<span color="windowtext">
2005), life for leaders in money related markets has gotten progressively
finished. As indicated by </span
>Fama,
<span color="windowtext"
>(2017) the translation of new data may require heuristic dynamic
principles. </span
><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"
>The research proposes that a group attitude assumes an instrumental job
on the two sides of the condition, affecting institutional dynamic and
financial specialists conduct the same. Kubota, (2018) contends that
proficient speculators are just worried about what the market will esteem
it at, affected by mass brain research in a quarter of a year to a year.
With regards to proficient cash administrators, </span
>Lustig,
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"
>(2013) found that shared reserve administrators are bound to purchase
stocks that </span
><span color="windowtext"
>different directors in a similar city are purchasing, recommending that
one factor affecting portfolio choices is a verbal impact by method for
social communication between cash chiefs. </span
>Olea,
<span color="windowtext"
>(2013) substance that in money related arranging; there are circumstances
in which group venture is totally proper. While it is indiscreet to settle
on speculation choices in a vacuum, </span
>Racicot,<span color="windowtext">
(2015) contend that it is similarly significant that money related experts
utilize a sound portion of distrust when the group is plainly moving mass
a specific way. Financial specialists with no entrance to inside data
nonsensically follow up on commotion as though it were data that would
give them an edge.<o:p></o:p
></span>
</div>
<div
class="Default"
style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12pt; text-align: justify;"
>
<b
><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"
>2.2.2 Overconfidence
</span></b
><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span>
</div>
<div
class="Default"
style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12pt; text-align: justify;"
>
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"
>Investigations of the adjustment of abstract probabilities find that
individuals will, in general, overestimate the exactness of their insight.
Such arrogance has been seen in numerous expert fields, for example,
speculation banking and the board. </span
>Bawden,<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">
(2007) contends that much carelessness is identified with more extensive
trouble in offering sufficient leniency for the vulnerability in one's own
viewpoint. Carelessness may clarify why speculation experts hold
effectively oversaw portfolios with the goal of having the option to pick
the victors (</span
>Brookfield, 2009<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"
>). Administrators overestimate the likelihood of accomplishment
specifically when they consider themselves specialists. Overconfidence, as
indicated by </span
>Chapman,<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">
(2006) shows itself when there is little expansion as a result of an
inclination to put a lot in what one knows about. Choosing basic stocks
that will beat the market is a troublesome undertaking. Consistency is
low; criticism is loud. Subsequently, a stock determination is the sort of
assignment for which individuals are generally arrogant. Overconfidence
clarifies why portfolio administrators exchange so a lot, why annuity
supports contract dynamic value chiefs, and why even money related market
analysts regularly hold effectively oversaw portfolios-they all figure
they can pick victors </span
>Atkinson, (<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"
>2006) creates models in which arrogant speculators overestimate the
accuracy of their insight about the estimation of a money related
security. He sees that they overestimate the likelihood that their own
evaluations of the security esteem are more precise than the appraisals of
others. <o:p></o:p
></span>
</div>
<div
class="Default"
style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12pt; text-align: justify;"
>
Geraldi,
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"
>(2010) distinguished the methodical predispositions in judgment and their
applied ramifications related to three normal inclinations:
representativeness, accessibility and modification, and mooring. Mooring
happens as speculators expect that present costs are about right, putting
an excessive amount of weight on ongoing encounters. </span
><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Hanson, </span
><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"
>(2009) saw that heterogeneous specialists settle on portfolio decisions
dependent on desires that are not balanced in the traditional sense,
however dependent on a couple of basic heuristical rules. Specialists
continue exchanging between the standards relying upon how productive the
standard was in the previous period. This as per him proposes some type of
business as usual inclination as recommended by </span
><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Hanson, </span
><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"
>(2009). Financial specialists frequently neglect to do what's needed
research on the grounds that there is essentially a lot of information to
gather and break down. Rather, they make a move dependent on a solitary
factor figure that ought to make little difference to their choice, while
disregarding increasingly significant data. <o:p></o:p
></span>
</div>
<div
class="Default"
style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12pt; text-align: justify;"
>
Shore,
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"
><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(2008) expected utility
hypothesis is broadly investigated in conventional funds, which contends
that the chief confronted with the elective lean towards a possibility
which appears to be by and by to him generally helpful. Anyway,
individuals are one of a kind animals concurring conduct fund and in
different circumstances settle on choices in their own particular manner,
not just adhering to conventional monetary standards. This was affirmed by
conduct fund supporters </span
>Smith,<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">
(2006), who introduced a point of view hypothesis, which expresses that at
the hazard and vulnerability individuals, will act diversely relying upon
how they see the "benefit" or "misfortunes". Confined reasonability
hypothesis, which contends that individuals have instructive, scholarly
and computing constraints. Analysts discovered that individuals collect
accessible data, use heuristics (for the simpler examination of the
procedure) and afterward stops when they arrive at fulfillment instead of
an ideal arrangement. So as opposed to looking for options, individuals
limited down with that, which addresses their issues. </span
>Gale,
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"
>(2010) did logical explores on singular financial specialist's dynamic
nuances and introduced fundamental social factors that influence the
speculator which include: Fear-the vast majority show the dread of losing
their cash, Love-numerous individuals "go gaga for" a few offers in the
event that they earned cash and hold these offers for a long time,
regardless of different changes in business sectors, Greed-it shows that
insatiable individuals can by overwhelming estimated offers or purchase
huge amounts of similar offers without legitimate figuring. Optimistic and
hopeful individuals regularly excess of "go into" the market without a
consistent explanation. This becomes a market rectification or even
breakdown of the market result, herd sense if individuals feel that they
know short of what others they can incautiously follow others lead, the
propensity to concentrate on the ongoing experience lastly the inclination
of carelessness (</span
>Stoelsness, 2005)<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"
>. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p
></span>
</div>
<div
class="Default"
style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12pt; text-align: justify;"
>
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"
>The hypothesis of money related conduct consequently shows that in
muddled circumstances individuals are eager to concede standard dynamic
techniques. For instance, individuals are hesitant to put resources into
the financial exchanges because of the ongoing unsavory occasion that
happened right now. This shows more choices are made dependent on shallow
qualities as opposed to making a detailed assessment of the real world. At
the end of the day, choices are made by generalizations. For instance, the
occasions that happened in the past that consequences for future
speculation choices, while it ought not to depend entirely on past
encounters (</span
>Zwikael, 2011)<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"
>. <o:p></o:p
></span>
</div>
<div
class="Default"
style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12pt; text-align: justify;"
>
Smith,<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">
(2006) noticed that the speculation dynamic likewise relies upon sex: men
pick more unsafe portfolios and exchange more than ladies the market. In
any case, just this proof can't reason that solitary sexual orientation is
a significant hereditary part as there is a need to assess outside
variables, for example, individual experience, general family or social
experience, monetary information. The absence of budgetary information is
perhaps the most serious issue that forestalls venture. The levelheaded
venture doesn't just budgetary yet in addition mental information
requiring process. As indicated by </span
>Vlcek,<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">
(2011), speculators ought to know of their own venture botches, yet
additionally to missteps of their associates, since one financial
specialist's error can turn into another speculator's advantage. Different
instances of unreasonable choices give delay and energize not rehashing
similar slip-ups. The key for fruitful contributing isn't dynamic
dependent on money related information, yet in addition recognizable proof
and decrease of mental blunders.<o:p></o:p
></span>
</div>
<div
class="Default"
style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12pt; text-align: justify;"
>
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"
>Agrawal, (2012) characterize presumptuousness as an overestimation of the
probabilities for a lot of occasions. The creator contends that the idea
is operationally reflected by looking at whether the particular likelihood
doled out is more prominent than the segment that is right for all
appraisals doled out to the given likelihood. Agrawal (2012) noticed that
pomposity makes individuals overestimate their insight, underestimate
dangers and overestimate their capacity to control occasions. The creator
guaranteed that presumptuousness begins in peoples’ one-sided assessment
of proof. Numerous scientists discover proof for the nearness of the
arrogance predisposition in various monetary choices. Studies have
demonstrated that declaration returns are lower for presumptuous bidders
when contrasted with judicious bidders. <o:p></o:p
></span>
</div>
<div
class="Default"
style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12pt; text-align: justify;"
>
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"
>As per Agrawal (2012), pomposity influences the conduct of optional
market merchants as well as financial specialists in the essential market.
In an ongoing report, </span
>Pompian,<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">
(2012) analyzed the speculation returns of financial specialists in biased
closeouts occurring in the Taiwan securities exchange and found that visit
bidders fail to meet expectations, rare bidders. Arrogance prompted a
forceful offering and higher installment for making sure about the
unloaded offers. Visit bidders additionally end up being the second rate
as far as stock choice execution. This infers their overestimation of
things to come income of the underlying open offer firms, or
underestimation of the danger of interest in these organizations, or both.
As indicated by </span
>Torngren,<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">
(2004), presumptuousness about private signs causes eruption and
subsequently wonders like the book/advertise impact and since quite a
while ago run inversions, though self-attribution (ascribing
accomplishment to ability and disappointments to misfortune) keeps up
pomposity and permits costs to keep on overcompensating, making energy.
<o:p></o:p
></span>
</div>
<div
class="Default"
style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12pt; text-align: justify;"
>
Williams,
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"
>(2012) alerts that carelessness is especially alluring when individuals
have unique data or experience-regardless of how unimportant that
convinces them to feel that they have a speculation edge. As a general
rule, be that as it may, the vast majority of the purported refined and
learned financial specialists don't outflank the market reliably. As
indicated by Agrawal (2012), good faith is tied in with expecting an ideal
result regardless of the real exertion or aptitudes gave by the individual
to realize the result. </span
>Winchester,<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">
(2011) clarify over-good faith as the inclination to exaggerate the chance
of wanted results and underestimate the event of troublesome occasions.
The creators note that investors‟ income estimate blunders are altogether
idealistic for purchase proposals and fundamentally critical for sale
suggestions. An exact investigation by </span
>Winchester,<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">
(2011) discover negative relations among returns and past volume and
contends this is driven by idealistic financial specialists producing
volume and their hopefulness getting turned around in resulting periods.
<o:p></o:p
></span>
</div>
<div
class="Default"
style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12pt; text-align: justify;"
>
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"
>This exact audit features the different sorts of conduct predispositions
supporting financial specialist choices dependent on past research and
writing. Existing writing characterizes conduct predispositions into two
significant sorts. These are subjective inclinations and passionate
predispositions. </span
>Shenhar,<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">
(2005) forecasts that individuals are confronted with restricted
intellectual capacities that oblige their critical thinking capacities. As
per Pompian (2012), psychological blunders or predispositions come from
essential measurable, data handling, or memory mistakes and in this
manner, might be viewed as the aftereffect of flawed thinking.
Intellectual mistakes don't result from enthusiastic or different
predispositions towards specific decisions, yet rather from either
subliminal mental systems for preparing data or silly diligence in one’s
claim convictions. The creator contends that in light of the fact that
subjective blunders come from broken thinking, better data, training and
counsel can frequently address for them.<o:p></o:p
></span>
</div>
<div
class="MsoNormal"
style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"
>
<span
style='font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;'
>Mulcahy,<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">
(2013) contemplated factors that impact the theoretical air pocket
during the period 1998 to 2000. An overview of private financial
specialists drawn from individual investors of different countries and
47 institutional financial specialists including banks, shared assets,
and venture banks were led through a poll in 2001. The examination
inferred that group senses, psychological disharmony, securing and
misfortune repugnance contributed altogether to the theoretical air
pockets just as carelessness. <o:p></o:p></span
></span>
</div>
<div
class="MsoNormal"
style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"
>
<span
style='font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;'
>Kubota,<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">
(2008) indicated that financial specialists have restricted inclinations
for the stock by archiving their inclinations for holding stocks in a
territorial organization in inclination to different speculations.
Keloharju (2011) note that many operators are progressively inclined to
hold stock in firms that are found near the financial specialist. It was
also observed that the above inclination for nearby stocks reaches out
to shared store administrators as in such directors will, in general,
show a proclivity for stocks headquartered in the district that the
supervisors are based. </span
>Pavlak,
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"
>(2004) see that securities exchange investment is impacted by social
cooperation for example operators that are increasingly social in the
feeling of connecting more with peers at aggregate assembling, for
example, church are bound to put resources into the securities exchange. </span
>Perminova,<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">
(2008) show proof of plainly silly financial specialist conduct where
speculators follow allotment rule across venture decisions paying little
mind to the stock-bond blend of the accessible decisions. Goetzman,
(2003) show singular speculators who are youthful and less well-off hold
increasingly under-differentiated portfolios, proposing that they may
display more grounded conduct predispositions. <o:p></o:p></span
></span>
</div>
<div
class="MsoNormal"
style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"
>
<span
style='font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;'
>Statman,
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"
>(2014) while leading their examination on the conduct and money related
execution of individual financial specialists in the exchanging portions
of organizations recorded at the Nairobi Stock Exchange, Kenya" with the
principal goal of their investigation being „to discover how singular
speculators make their venture decisions‟, they discovered that the
impact from companions; where most financial specialists depended on
guidance from companions and associates preceding choosing to go for
stocks and; prominent sentiment about the market and from an ongoing
pattern in share value developments, were away from of group behavior.
<o:p></o:p></span
></span>
</div>
<div
class="MsoNormal"
style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"
>
<span
style='font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;'
>Kubota,<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">
(2018) in an examination looking at whether the African Growth
Opportunity Act (AGOA) enactment has had any effect available returns in
Kenya distinguished that there are in every case some exchange
boundaries or limitations that are not expelled by unhindered commerce
understandings and that numerous organizations recorded on the trade
their items to the US under the AGOA understanding. Right now noticed
that the financial exchange responds to various occasions. Mental
components sway budgetary professionals and in this way move the
financial exchanges. <o:p></o:p></span
></span>
</div>
<div
class="MsoNormal"
style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"
>
<span
style='color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;'
>Occasions, for example, public statements, bits of gossip, frenzies, and
rapture can mentally influence merchants, in this manner influence the
financial exchange as reported by </span
><span
style='font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;'
>Barber,
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"
>(2011). As also indicated by </span
>Cohen,
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"
>(2010) mental impacts can affect the accomplishment of beginning open
contributions and speculation choices. The first sale of stock is where
an organization issues basic stocks to the general population just
because of the help of the endorsing firm. It is one of the most widely
recognized methods for raising capital. <o:p></o:p></span
></span>
</div>
<div
class="MsoNormal"
style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"
>
<span
style='color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;'
>The discoveries of </span
><span
style='font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;'
>Mercer,</span
><span
style='color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;'
>
(2010) showed that monetary proficiency doesn't really prompt better
crisis the board. They related this result by the way that crisis desire
is a conduct viewpoint that prompts various degrees of hazard resistance
by individuals paying little mind to the degree of budgetary education. A
report by </span
><span
style='font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;'
>Zaiane,
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"
>(2009) set up that Kenyans are quick to spare, anyway simply over the
portion of those met expressed that they spare towards meeting everyday
costs as opposed to for long haul needs. Less than half of grown-up
Kenyans state that they have a budgetary resource that they can use in a
crisis, and the poor are especially not well arranged to manage
health-related crises and mourning. There seems to be a hole in the
capacity of shoppers to design monetarily to adapt to an emergency. Most
respondents state that they would go to loved ones to enable them to
oversee. Once more, this brings up the issue of money related capacity.
In their talk of money related ability, </span
>Zaiane,
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"
>(2009) proposed that the importance of the term ought to be
comprehended in the setting. They contend that in a created nation
setting, a monetarily fit individual would have a home, vehicle and
extra security to manage dangers. In any case, in a situation where
customers have an extensive rundown of synchronous dangers however not
many protection items with which to oversee them, a monetarily fit
individual would be better characterized as having a reasonable,
self-characterized system, supported by enough sparing and acquiring
assets, to deal with their vulnerabilities.<o:p></o:p></span
></span>
</div>
<div
class="MsoNormal"
style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"
>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"
><span
style='color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;'
>2.2.3 Self-Attribution Bias<o:p></o:p></span
></b>
</div>
<div
class="Default"
style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12pt; text-align: justify;"
>
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"
>The self-attribution bias is a well-documented mental process in
personality psychology. It refers to the tendency to credit oneself and
one’s own abilities excessively with preceded successes and blame others
respectively external factors for failures (</span
>Baker, 2007<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"
>). The self-attribution bias can be divided into two components that
are:<o:p></o:p
></span>
</div>
<div
class="Default"
style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 12pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"
>
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span
style='color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;'
><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"
>1.<span style='font: 7pt "Times New Roman";'
>
</span></span
></span
><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"
>The self-enhancement bias refers to the attribution of success,
<o:p></o:p
></span>
</div>
<div
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>
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span
style='color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;'
><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"
>2.<span style='font: 7pt "Times New Roman";'
>
</span></span
></span
><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"
>The self-protection bias terms the abdication of responsibility for
failures. <o:p></o:p
></span>
</div>
<div
class="MsoNormal"
style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"
>
<span
style='color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;'
>Proof from brain research writing recommends different clarifications for
these inclinations that can be characterized either as persuasive or
intellectual thinking (</span
><span
style='font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;'
>Daniel,<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">
2004). Persuasive thinking alludes to self-improvement separately
self-introduction. As indicated by this, individuals attribute or don't
credit accomplishments to depict themselves emphatically to other people
(</span
>Kaustia, 2010<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"
>). At the end of the day, one-sided self-attribution is a guard
component securing the confidence of an individual. Intellectual
thinking, be that as it may, clarifies the self-attribution inclination
therefore from subjective assessment of accomplishments (</span
>Kaustia, 2010<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"
>). Individuals will in general show a hallucination of objectivity
bringing about the self-attribution predisposition as they focus on
clarifications with minimal measure of exertion. Since they have
inspirational desires, people don't address constructive outcomes and
ascribe these to their own capacities. Be that as it may, negative
outcomes convince them to assess potential clarifications other than
their own inadequacy. <o:p></o:p></span
></span>
</div>
<div
class="MsoNormal"
style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"
>
<span
style='color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;'
>Free of the clarification, individual's personality inclusion influences
the seriousness of introduced predisposition (</span
><span
style='font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;'
>Milan, 2017<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"
>). Financial writing tends to the self-attribution inclination, too.
Different investigations originate from the executives writing. As far
as anyone is concerned, </span
>Hens,
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"
>(2012) were simply the first to discover proof for the self-attribution
inclination among directors. Supporting discoveries from brain research
writing, administrators assume praise for positive outcomes yet
reprimand outer components for disappointments in view of inspirational
just as intellectual reasons. As of late, examines with respect to
income figure issuance just as in regards to mergers and acquisitions
demonstrated supervisors' inclination to one-sided self-attribution.
Inside the field of contributing and exchanging conduct, we just think
minimal about the self-attribution predisposition, yet. </span
>Grinblatt,
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"
>(2006) found that investigators could be distressed with
self-attribution predisposition. Two examinations generally like our own
inspected online dealers' self-observation about their exchanging
records (Hoffmann, 2014). In any case, as opposed to our examination,
these investigations utilized overview information to make a measure for
self-attribution predisposition. Hoffmann (2014) recognized past returns
as the fundamental driver of self-attribution inclination. </span
>Dong,
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"
>(2007) discovered proof that one-sided self-attribution impacts chance
disposition of people. <o:p></o:p></span
></span>
</div>
<div
class="MsoNormal"
style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"
>
<span
style='color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;'
>Utilizing a multi-period advertise model dependent on learning, Gervais
and Odean (2001) connected one-sided self-attribution of merchants with
ensuing presumptuousness. Not thinking about her own capacities, a broker
evaluates them by drawing inductions from victories and disappointments.
Since causal thinking is one-sided, the self-attribution predisposition
prompts arrogance of brokers. Contending that dealers are not arrogant
from the start right now, presumptuousness may just come about because of
evaluating past exchanging experience. Monetary writing discovered exact
proof for the connection between one-sided self-attribution and pomposity
among directors at mergers and acquisitions (</span
><span
style='font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;'
>Rockenbach, 2004<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"
>), the executives determining and open correspondence. Money related
examinations found this among experts and singular financial specialists
(Hoffmann, 2014). The vast majority of those examinations discovered
pomposity to hurt influenced people. This is the reason we anticipate
that people should perform more regrettable while being inclined to
self-attribution inclination. Plus, examines proposes the
self-improvement predisposition to be weightier than the self-assurance
inclination. Given the obscurity of the social exchanging stage even
merchants with low confidence that, when all is said in done, will in
general show self-defensive conduct almost certain (</span
>Andrea,<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">
2017) don't need to fear mortification by others. In this manner, those
conditions fortify the desire for the self-security inclination having
no importance for our examination. Many studies recommend arrogance
essentially affecting individuals' conduct. As to conduct, different
examinations bolster this finding. Financial writing recommends a
connection among presumptuousness and exchanging recurrence (</span
>Lustig, 2013<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"
>). Also, careless dealers face higher challenge and hold less broadened
portfolios. <o:p></o:p></span
></span>
</div>
<div
class="MsoNormal"
style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"
>
<span
style='color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;'
>The model of self-attribution predisposition predicts that careless
bidders will be effective in their initial not many offers, yet that they
will step by step build up some degree of carelessness; and in reality,
experienced bidders who have become arrogant will show more noteworthy
good faith concerning the possibilities of IPO firm. This prompts arrogant
speculators being bound to offer again and afterward showing their
hopefulness through their forceful offering on IPO firms. Since their
future offers will be driven by carelessness, they will perpetually show
mediocre execution. <o:p></o:p
></span>
</div>
<div
class="MsoNormal"
style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"
>
<span
style='color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;'
>The writing on the essential and optional markets proposes that singular
speculators are less educated than institutional investors. Brookfield,
(2009) exhibit that financial specialists who are less educated may
experience the ill effects of carelessness, given their enlightening
disservice, and exchange more forcefully than speculators who are better
educated. Their contention infers not just that singular financial
specialists can have predominant execution since they are less educated,
yet in addition that they are pompous, and accordingly, may exchange too
forcefully.<o:p></o:p
></span>
</div>
<div
class="Default"
style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12pt; text-align: justify;"
>
Felin,<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">
(2017) additionally discover pomposity among singular speculators, and in
this manner proceed to contend that male financial specialists are more
arrogant than female financial specialists (Barber, 2011). Our remarkable
dataset of 6,993 financial specialists in 77 oppressive closeouts which
occurred in the Taiwan securities exchange between 1996 and 2000 permits
us to recognize the offers made by organizations and people, just as the
sexual orientation of individual speculators. <o:p></o:p
></span>
</div>
<div
class="Default"
style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12pt; text-align: justify;"
>
Copeland,<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">
(2011) express that financial specialist's trait a lot of their triumphs
to their capacities during positively trending markets, which makes them
get arrogant. They found that speculators changed from telephone-based to
internet exchanging after they had encountered great returns previously. A
potential explanation behind the switch was that the speculators accept
that they can additionally improve their presentation by exchanging more.
Daniel, (2004) clarify that the self-attribution predisposition may
additionally bring about eruptions, transient energy and since a long time
ago run inversions in stock costs. </span
>Gale,
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"
>(2010) show that speculators who changed to web-based exchanging turned
out to be progressively pompous. They show this by breaking down the
exchanging action and execution, which followed the change. They found
that financial specialists who changed to web-based exchange started to
exchange all the more effectively, which was additionally trailed by lower
returns.<o:p></o:p
></span>
</div>
<div
class="Default"
style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12pt; text-align: justify;"
>
<b
><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"
>2.3 Behavioral Biases and Investor Decisions
</span></b
><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span>
</div>
<div
class="MsoNormal"
style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"
>
<span
style='color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;'
>Brahman, (2012) thoughtfully constructed a system that connected the
mental inclinations, for example, consideration predisposition, heuristic
predisposition, lament inclination and subjective inclination to singular
speculator choices. Chandra and Sharma (2010) attempted an examination
inside the geological territory of Delhi and National Capital Region to
distinguish the major mental predispositions that impact the individual
investors‟ conduct and that, consequently, may drive an energy impact in
stock returns. Their examination found that the individual investors‟
conduct is driven by some mental factors, for example, conservatism,
under-certainty, advantage, representativeness and enlightening feeling of
inadequacy. In any case, </span
><span
style='font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;'
>Huckle,</span
><span
style='color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;'
>
(2004) experimentally tried predominant hypotheses and presumptions in
conduct account, utilizing information from the standard and poor's 500
list. Their discoveries recommended that distinctions in mental
predispositions didn't decide their venture inclinations. <o:p></o:p
></span>
</div>
<div
class="MsoNormal"
style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"
>
<span
style='font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;'
>Huckle, </span
><span
style='color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;'
>(2007) tentatively inspected the conduct of financial specialists when
purchasing and selling stocks. In a progression of trials, subjects were
approached to assign a given gift among six resources. The outcomes
recommended no mien impact. In any case, </span
><span
style='font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;'
>Markowitz,<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">
(2011) overviewed singular financial specialists, and found that more
respondents revealed lament about clutching a losing stock excessively
long than about selling a triumphant stock too early, affirming the
manner impact. </span
>Parsons,<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">
(2015) additionally examined how salaried and business class financial
specialists’ contrast in their venture choices and their propensity to
fall prey to some normally showed social inclinations. The exploration
depended on an example study of 428 speculators from the city of Indore.
The investigation demonstrated that business class financial specialists
were progressively inclined to intellectual predispositions while
salaried class speculators are increasingly inclined to inclinations
which are outgrowth of confining impact and prospects hypothesis.
<o:p></o:p></span
></span>
</div>
<div
class="MsoNormal"
style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"
>
<span
style='color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;'
>The idea of conduct fund is considered by various researchers as another
worldview in the money related world. Agrawal (2012) noticed that the
field of conduct money has created in light of the expanding number of
securities exchange oddities (undervaluation or overvaluation) that
couldn't be clarified by conventional resource evaluating models. </span
><span
style='font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;'
>Racicot,<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">
(2015) considers conduct fund as in this way another methodology that
reviews the money related reality by considering the mental component of
speculation. <o:p></o:p></span
></span>
</div>
<div
class="MsoNormal"
style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"
>
<span
style='font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;'
>Spyrou,
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"
>(2013) see that the sociological point of view recommends that conduct
viewpoint will confront critical difficulties in getting the a lot
bigger conventionalist network to embrace their viewpoint. </span
>Sun-Joong<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">
(2012), touted as the dad of social account, introduced works which as
per Baker, (2010) gave fervently challenged proof of market
wastefulness. It was also contended that whether modelers will ever have
the option to address Fama's (1998) interest for a basic and refutable
hypothesis is dubious in light of the fact that singular conduct is
characteristically intricate. <o:p></o:p></span
></span>
</div>
<div
class="MsoNormal"
style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"
>
<span
style='color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;'
>Advocates of social account Subrahmanyan (2007) contend that a
"regulating" hypothesis dependent on normal utility maximizers can't be
translated as a better option than conduct approaches simply in light of
the fact that it talks about how individuals ought to carry on. With
regards to social account hypothesis, which states that the approach of
behavioral finance doesn't necessitate that a hypothesis be
straightforward, in opposition to the requests made upon it by
conventional monetary researchers. Fama (1998) anyway differs by
expressing that the standard logical guideline necessitates that advertise
proficiency must be supplanted by a superior logical model of value
development which is itself possibly dismiss capable by observational
tests. </span
><span
style='font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;'
>Torngren,<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">
(2004) note that testing whether recorded abnormalities can be clarified
by social hypothesis is significant. As the creator fights, the
accomplishment of social model in clarifying inconsistencies in a couple
of cases isn't sufficient to finish up the conduct speculations are
preferred models of value development over conventional money related
models. <o:p></o:p></span
></span>
</div>
<div
class="MsoNormal"
style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"
>
<span
style='color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;'
>As per Chen (2011) singular speculators are plausible to confront more
issues attempting to settle on discerning choices with respect to their
ventures than bigger elements. Huge financial specialists have more assets
to increase significant data with respect to their speculation goals.
Preparing point of view. As the behavioral finance, introduced works which
as indicated by Baker, (2010) gave fervently challenged proof of market
wastefulness. </span
><span
style='font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;'
>Geraldi,
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"
>(2010) contended that whether modelers will ever have the option to
address Fama's (1998) interest for a basic and refutable hypothesis is
dubious in light of the fact that singular conduct is characteristically
perplexing. <o:p></o:p></span
></span>
</div>
<div
class="MsoNormal"
style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"
>
<span
style='color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;'
>Advocates of social fund </span
><span
style='font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;'
>Korniotis,
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"
><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(2007) contend that a
"regulating" hypothesis dependent on levelheaded utility maximizers
can't be interpreted as a better option than conduct approaches only on
the grounds that it examines how individuals ought to act. With regards
to conduct money hypothesis, and the technique of social account doesn't
necessitate that a hypothesis be straightforward, in spite of the
requests made upon it by customary budgetary researchers. Fama (1998)
anyway differs by expressing that the standard logical guideline
necessitates that advertise effectiveness must be supplanted by a
superior logical model of value development which is itself conceivably
dismiss capable by experimental tests. </span
>Liersch<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"
>, (2015) note that testing whether archived abnormalities can be
clarified by conduct hypothesis is significant. As the creator battles,
the achievement of conduct model in clarifying inconsistencies in a
couple of cases isn't sufficient to close the social speculations are
preferable models of value development over customary money related
models. <o:p></o:p></span
></span>
</div>
<div
class="MsoNormal"
style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"
>
<span
style='color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;'
>As indicated by </span
><span
style='font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;'
>Olea,
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"
>(2013) singular financial specialists are likely to confront more
issues attempting to settle on discerning choices with respect to their
ventures than bigger elements. Enormous speculators have more assets to
increase critical data with respect to their venture targets. Handling
budgetary data is hard for little financial specialists. Hence, singular
speculators face a greater number of issues on settling on discerning
choices than huge associations. Little financial specialists might not
have all the significant information for quick and sensible dynamic. The
measure of information concerning money related instruments is
tremendous. </span
>Nitzsche,<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">
(2016) recommend it isn't just the absence of vital information that is
affecting on speculators. The fretfulness of uneducated financial
specialists has developed extra time. As indicated by their examination,
the store holding time of American residents declined from 3.75 years to
2.4 years somewhere in the range of 1992 and 2000. This marvel is
designated "pursuing returns". Rather than following their unique
speculation plan, speculators settle on surged choices and will in
general put resources into in vogue advertise regions. It is basic to
recognize understanding as a pivotal factor affecting on singular
speculator's dynamic procedures. Experienced financial specialists are
plausible to consider corporate administration as a significant factor
while assessing an organization's future advancement. Less-experienced
speculators depend on money related dat. </span
>Pavlak,
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"
>(2004) proposes a minority money related hypotheses recognize
progressively encountered speculator's capacity to use the data more
proficiently than learners. He raises the issue of individual financial
specialists being deluded by invalid data.<o:p></o:p></span
></span>
</div>
<div
class="MsoNormal"
style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"
>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"
><span
style='font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;'
>2.4 The Outcome of Behavioral Biases on Return Performance<o:p
></o:p></span
></b>
</div>
<div
class="MsoNormal"
style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"
>
<span
style='font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;'
>Odean (2004) dissects how dynamic exchanging influences the general
execution of speculators. They apply the exchanging information of roughly
78 000 family unit accounts from a rebate business firm during 1991 to
1996. They utilize a measure called turnover to compute the sum how much
financial specialists change their portfolio on a yearly premise. A
hundred percent turnover is likeness financial specialist selling all the
stocks in the portfolio and purchasing new stocks as a substitution. Odean
(2004) report that a normal family unit turns the portfolio over every
year by 75 percent. It doesn't appear to be sensible that this a lot of
exchanging is required for objective exchanging needs. <o:p></o:p
></span>
</div>
<div
class="MsoNormal"
style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"
>
<span
style='font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;'
>One may guarantee that the exchanging of financial specialists is spurred
by other balanced reasons. Massa, (2006) address this issue by
contemplating that financial specialists may exchange for liquidity needs,
charge misfortune selling, portfolio rebalancing or endeavoring to move to
bring down hazard protections. In any case, subsequent to dispensing with
these exchanges from the example they find that these reasons don't
account a 19 noteworthy measure of the complete exchanging amount.
Unreasonableness is obviously perceivable from the watched exchanging.
<o:p></o:p
></span>
</div>
<div
class="MsoNormal"
style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"
>
<span
style='font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;'
>Odean (2004) dissects the presentation impacts of exchanging by
ascertaining normal gross and net returns for the speculators. The net
return figuring are accounted for by the offer ask spread and exchange
costs. The financial specialists are arranged into bunches as indicated by
the degree of turnover. The got gross returns are steady inside the
diverse financial specialist gatherings. In any case, the net returns
fundamentally fall when moving to a financial specialist bunch with a
higher turnover. Odean (2004) additionally contrast the exhibition of
financial specialists with a worth weighted market list. They show that a
normal speculator fails to meet expectations of the record by 1.1 percent
every year. They infer that the exorbitant exchange is destructive for the
financial specialist and a significant determinant for the poor returns.
<o:p></o:p
></span>
</div>
<div
class="MsoNormal"
style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"
>
<span
style='font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;'
>Odean (2004) additionally examines the productivity of exchanging by
financial specialists. He utilizes exchanging information from a huge
business firm including around 10 000 financial specialist accounts during
1987-1993. He ascertains a normal commission for each exchange. The net
returns are determined for every financial specialist by subtracting the
exchanging costs from the genuine presentation. A reasonable supposition
that will be that financial specialists ought to at any rate gain enough
comes back to take care of their exchanging costs. Mitton, (2007) shows
that financial specialists hurt their all-out exhibition by exchanging too
as often as possible. Indeed, the speculators neglect to make benefit in
any event, when the exchange costs are avoided from the figuring. Mitton,
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(1999) utilizes the
three-factor model by Fama and French (1993) to shape a benchmark for
breaking down the benefit of exchanging. The benchmark portfolio
unmistakably beats the genuine returns earned by the speculators.
Linnainmaa (2011) archives comparable discoveries utilizing the
information of Finnish families. He expresses that family units appear to
exchange excessively effectively and that their profits are insufficient
to take care of exchanging costs. <o:p></o:p
></span>
</div>
<div
class="MsoNormal"
style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"
>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"
><span
style='color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;'
>2.4.1 Gender contrasts in exchanging conduct <o:p></o:p></span
></b>
</div>
<div
class="MsoNormal"
style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"
>
<span
style='font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;'
>Hairdresser and Odean (2004) used gender and conjugal status as an
intermediary to quantify financial specialist presumptuousness in their
investigation Boys Will Be Boys. They utilize the information for more
than 35 000 family units from an enormous business firm to think about the
exchange of guys and females from February 1991 to January 1997. They
apply turnover as the measure for exchanging movement. Odean (2004)
reports that guys exchange 45 percent more than females when all is said
in done. As delineated in Figure 2 single men seem, by all accounts, to be
the most dynamic brokers with 85 percent portfolio turnover. They exchange
67 percent more than single ladies. By and large, both single men and
wedded man exchange fundamentally more than ladies general. Men turn their
portfolios by 77% yearly contrasted with 53 percent by ladies. <o:p></o:p
></span>
</div>
<div
class="MsoNormal"
style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"
>
<span
style='font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;'
>The foreboding inquiry is how unnecessary exchanging influences the
general execution of guys and females? The examination executes an
inactive benchmark portfolio way to deal with figure irregular returns.
The inactive portfolio is worked by utilizing a comparative methodology as
Solnik, (2011). The aloof portfolio incorporates the stocks the speculator
had in the start of the year and its arrival is determined also to a
purchase and-hold venture as the financial specialist had not exchanged at
all during the year. The anomalous returns are determined by subtracting
the detached portfolio that come back from the real returns. Hairdresser
and Odean (2004) report that the more regular exchange by guys diminished
their net returns by 2.65 rate focuses yearly contrasted with 1.72 rate
focuses for females. The most regular exchange by single men cut their net
returns 1.44 rate focuses in contrast with single females. <o:p></o:p
></span>
</div>
<div
class="MsoNormal"
style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"
>
<span
style='font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;'
>Odean (2004) stretch out the examination to look for a response to the
inquiry that is the lower execution by men because of more terrible
security determination restricted to ladies or would it be able to be
clarified with more prominent exchanging movement. They watch a comparable
finding as Odean (2002), the stocks the two people choose to sell outflank
the stocks they choose to purchase. In any case, they can't discover a
factually huge contrast between sexual orientations. They reason that the
lower net returns earned by men are because of progressively dynamic
exchanging and not for less fruitful stock picking capacity. <o:p></o:p
></span>
</div>
<div
class="MsoNormal"
style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"
>
<span
style='font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;'
>A more prominent exchanging action by guys is steady with the mental
investigations. Summers, (2007) report that guys are progressively
presumptuous in manly assignments, for example, money related issues. The
aftereffects of Barber, (2004) bolster this finding. Ladies are plainly
increasingly inactive and cautious in their venture choices. The wedded
men additionally exchange not exactly single men. It is conceivable that
ladies have some impact over the venture choices and forestall a part of
the dynamic exchanging. An increasingly aloof and cautious exchanging
conduct financial exchange is valuable for the speculator, which prompts
better profits for normal.<o:p></o:p
></span>
</div>
<div
class="MsoNormal"
style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"
>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"
><span
style='font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;'
>2.4.2 Learning with experience<o:p></o:p></span
></b>
</div>
<div
class="MsoNormal"
style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"
>
<span
style='font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;'
>Experimental studies have affirmed that on normal financial specialists
exchange the style that they would improve on the off chance that they
exchanged less (Odean, 2004). The writing has additionally called
attention to the distinctions in exchanging conduct between sexes. Along
these lines, it is just intelligent to consider if the financial
specialists have the capacity to gain from their mix-ups and to change
their exchanging conduct as needs are. Gervais, (2001) form a model of
arrogance to represent if financial specialists gain from their victories
and disappointments. In the model, they accept that financial specialists
are uninformed of the capacities they have. The attention to one's very
own capacities is shaped by victories and disappointments by exchanging
the market. They find that the self-attribution predisposition is likewise
prevailing in the securities exchange and financial specialists will in
general credit themselves for good results. With progressively effective
exchanges the financial specialist characteristics the great execution for
his own capacities and turns out to be significantly increasingly sure of
his own ability. These reasons increment the propensity of a speculator to
exchange considerably more. Predictable with Gervais and Odean (2001)
additionally report that the exchanging conduct of financial specialists
modifies through time. <o:p></o:p
></span>
</div>
<div
class="MsoNormal"
style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"
>
<span
style='font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;'
>Linnainmaa (2011) looks for the response to a similar inquiry utilizing
the exchanging records of Finnish family units. So also he records that
the exchanging movement changes as 24 the financial specialist acquires
understanding. The decision of choosing to exchange might be seen as a
choice. Financial specialists have a characteristic to exchange more to
figure out how to turn out to be better in exchanging regardless of
whether they realize that they are incompetent. Linnainmaa (2011) likewise
discovers proof like Gervais and Odean (2001) that the recurrence of
exchanging increments after positive results and a few family units quit
from exchanging in the wake of encountering negative results. <o:p></o:p
></span>
</div>
<div
class="MsoNormal"
style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"
>
<span
style='font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;'
>Gervais (2001) report that the speculators appear to be the most pompous
at the early piece of their profession, which is likewise steady with
Linnainmaa (2011). The financial specialists with the least measure of
exchanging experience show the best degree of pomposity and exchange the
most. Grinblatt, (2009) report that particularly youthful financial
specialists will in general hold increasingly unsafe portfolios and
exchange most effectively. The examinations by Gervais and Odean (2004)
and Linnainmaa (2011) share similar key discoveries that presumptuous
financial specialists exchange too much and their exchanging instability
expands as per the number of their past victories. The degree of arrogance
is most prominent in the early piece of the vocation. Be that as it may,
later as the speculators acquire experience they become better mindful of
their own capacities. Odean (2004) show that more established financial
specialists exchange less every now and again and with lower turnover,
which prompts better returns. <o:p></o:p
></span>
</div>
<div
class="MsoNormal"
style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"
>
<span
style='font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;'
>The examinations depicted beforehand are centered on singular financial
specialists. Thorley and Vorkink (2006) break down the market exchanging
volume general. They base their exploration on the models of arrogance by
Gervais and Odean (2001). As indicated by the models, a high market return
prompts expanded exchanging action the accompanying time frame. Reliably
low market returns lead to diminished exchanging action the resulting time
frame. The speculators influenced by arrogance accept that the significant
yields are because of their own expertise, notwithstanding that various
different financial specialists are getting exceptional yields during
positively trending markets. <o:p></o:p
></span>
</div>
<div
class="MsoNormal"
style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"
>
<span
style='font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;'
>Statman, (2006) study the general exchanging volume of the financial
exchange in various periods to test if a comparative example is
recognizable as outlined by the models of pomposity. Statman, (2006) apply
the normal stock information from NYSE and AMEX. Their perceptions are
month to month returns and their information period covers the years from
1962 to 2001. They use exchanging volume as the informative variable, from
which they have evacuated patterns to achieve stationarity. Slacked
showcase returns are utilized as an informative variable for advertise
exchanging volume. Stock explicit slacked returns and slacked advertise
returns are utilized as factors to clarify stock explicit exchanging
volume. Statman, (2006) report supporting proof for the models of
presumptuousness. They record that the exchanging movement is decidedly
connected with the slacked showcase returns. High (low) advertise returns
are followed high (low) exchanging volume the ensuing time frame. They
additionally find that the stock explicit exchanging volume is decidedly
corresponded with its own slacked returns and the market slacked returns.
Statman, (2006) contend that the positive connection between stock
explicit exchanging volume and market exchanging volume shows a
development in presumptuousness. The reason that their outcomes are in
accordance with the model of arrogance, anyway manner impact may likewise
influence their outcomes. As indicated by Shefrin, (1985) attitude impact
alludes to the inclination of financial specialists selling winning stocks
at a beginning time and clutch losing stocks for a more extended
timeframe. <o:p></o:p
></span>
</div>
<div
class="MsoNormal"
style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"
>
<span
style='font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;'
>Olea, (2013) receive the strategy from Statman, (2006) and direct
comparable research utilizing the Tunisian stock information from the
earliest starting point of 2000 as far as possible of 2006.
Correspondingly, their information comprises of the month to month normal
stock returns in the Tunisian financial exchange. Olea, (2013) likewise
investigate the connection between slacked advertise returns and
exchanging volume. They additionally discover proof that there is a
positive connection between slacked showcase returns and following
exchanging volume. Be that as it may, their outcomes are not as obvious as
Statman, (2006). The factual criticalness of the outcomes isn't as solid.
In any case, the outcomes demonstrate a minor reliance between slacked
advertise returns and exchanging volume. They contend that the outcomes
show that the slacked advertise returns increment the pomposity of
financial specialists causing them to exchange more to effectively in the
ensuing time frame. <o:p></o:p
></span>
</div>
<div
class="MsoNormal"
style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"
>
<span
style='font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;'
>The social account studies, for example, Odean (2004) contend that
arrogant financial specialists exchange more effectively than different
speculators and the higher exchanging action prompts lower returns. Glaser
(2007) dissect the degree of arrogance by leading a speculator study. The
speculators were approached to answer web poll, which was intended to
quantify various features of arrogance. Glaser (2007) break down the
relationship the appropriate responses given in the survey and the real
watched exchanging conduct. The features of presumptuousness utilized in
the investigation incorporate miscalibration, unpredictability gauges and
superior to the normal impact. Miscalibration alludes to individuals'
propensity to be sure about their likelihood gauges. Lichtenstein, (1985)
approached individuals to give answers to a progression of inquiries,
which each included two other options. The members were approached to
assess the likelihood that their answers were right. Their finding was
that the real likelihood was altogether lower contrasted with the gauge
gave by the members. Individuals are likewise miscalibrated about their
instability gauges. Graham and Harvey (2001) solicited the CEOs from US
organizations to give their appraisals of the market hazard premium. Their
finding was that the CEOs unmistakably belittled the authentic
unpredictability. Individuals additionally will, in general, exaggerate
their very own aptitudes and capacities. Svenson (1981) archives that most
of the members viewed themselves as preferable drivers over the
normal.<o:p></o:p
></span>
</div>
<div
class="MsoNormal"
style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"
>
<span
style='font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;'
>Glaser, (2007) apply three unique informational collections in their
investigation. The primary informational index contains the exchanging
records of German business houses during the years 1997 to 2001. The
subsequent informational collection contains self-announced data, which
was gathered by the financier house, including such factors as age, sexual
orientation, venture understanding and exchanging system. The third
informational index incorporates the appropriate responses the financial
specialists gave to the online survey. In the survey, Glaser and Weber
(2007) requested that the speculators give certainty interims to address
identified with budgetary information. Likewise, the financial specialists
were additionally approached to give certainty interims identified with
securities exchange gauges. These arrangements of inquiries were intended
to gauge miscalibration and unpredictability gauges. The financial
specialists were additionally asked to answer inquiries identified with
their own aptitudes and capacities to test the superior to average impact.
Glaser and Weber (2007) structure an arrogance score dependent on the
appropriate responses. <o:p></o:p
></span>
</div>
<div
class="MsoNormal"
style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"
>
<span
style='font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;'
>They contrasted the arrogance scores with the genuine exchanging action
and execution of financial specialists. Their outcomes show that the
carelessness scores framed by the responses to likelihood and instability
gauges are not fundamentally connected with the watched exchanging volume.
Be that as it may, they discover proof that the financial specialists who
rate their venture aptitudes and execution better than expected exchange
all the more effectively. They likewise report that the past exchanging
execution of these speculators doesn't demonstrate expanded exchanging
movement what's to come. Their finding is conflicting contrasted with the
model of presumptuousness by Gervais and Odean (2001). Glaser and Weber
(2007) express that the online survey prompts higher fluctuation of the
outcomes contrasted with controlled research facility tests. They consider
this reality as a potential motivation behind why they were not ready to
show the association between miscalibration and expanded exchanging
volume.<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"
><o:p></o:p></span
></span>
</div>
<br />
</div>
Mahmooda Aftabhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04045675562174921762noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1983723218924520262.post-34362395195211652162020-03-27T16:04:00.003-07:002020-03-27T16:04:49.198-07:00A Review of COVID-19<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
It
has been just four months since the first case of coronavirus was reported in
Wuhan, China.<span style="background: white;"> The 2019–</span><em style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">2020 coronavirus pandemic</span></em><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"> is an ongoing </span><em style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">pandemic</span></em><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"> of </span><em style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">coronavirus</span></em><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"> disease 2019
(COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome</span><span style="color: #3c4043;">.</span> Starting from December 2019, the virus
has hopped borders, affecting more than 500,000 marks. To date, there are more
than <span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">592,000 </span>confirmed
cases of the disease worldwide. Although the vast majority of cases initially
originated in China, it is currently the United States with the most reported
cases. Italy, Spain, Germany, France, Iran, the United Kingdom, and Switzerland
are among the most affected countries. Experts believe the actual number of
2019-nCoV cases may be higher than reported because many patients have been
found asymptomatic, while most countries are struggling with inadequate
testing. The global mortality rate for COVID-19 is currently 3.4%, which is
much higher than the seasonal flu, with only 0.1% of those affected. The death
toll from the potentially deadly virus had crossed 27,000 in the last count,
where more than 132,500 people have been recovered.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
A significant economic impact of the Coronavirus is clearly seen in the financial
markets and weak industries such as manufacturing, tourism, hospitality, and
travel. Travel and Tourism account for 10% of the global GDP and are at risk of
over 50 million jobs worldwide. Global tourism, travel and hospitality
companies influence SMEs. As a result, many people are affected, usually those
with minimum wages and those who work for themselves or work in informal environments
in the gig economy or with zero-hour contracts. Some governments have announced
economic measures to protect jobs, guarantee wages and support self-employment,
but how these measures will be implemented and how people will be treated for
revenue loss in the short term, midterm and in the long run as well. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background: white; letter-spacing: .25pt;">After infections begin ebbing, a
secondary pandemic of mental-health problems will follow. At the moment a
profound dread and uncertainty, people are being cut off from soothing human
contact. Hugs, handshakes, and other social rituals are now </span>tinged
with danger. People with anxiety or obsessive-compulsive disorder are
struggling. Elderly people, who are already excluded from much of public life,
are being asked to distance themselves even further, deepening their
loneliness. <o:p></o:p></div>
<br /></div>
Mahmooda Aftabhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04045675562174921762noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1983723218924520262.post-83397284812518175232018-03-26T13:18:00.003-07:002018-03-26T13:18:56.301-07:00Our Journey <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Aghaz-E-Nau (AEN)
has experience of working with NGOs/CBOs from different cities of Pakistan. AEN
carried out capacity building programs for NGOs/CBOs from all over the
Pakistan. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Our main focus remained on
PWID, FSWs, Inmates and Youth as far as HIV prevention interventions are
concerned. We carried out two projects for FSWs funded by CIDA and UNODC
respectively. AEN also worked with sex workers (FSWs, MSW/MSM/TGs) to see the
effect of different prevention interventions on high risk behavior of sex
workers. </span><b style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Our work with sex workers got
published in many journals. </b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Given below is a short list of projects, which
we carried out starting from 1993 till 2017.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">AEN started its
journey with the establishment of a drug rehabilitation center in 1993 with the
help of UNDCP initially and then we received funds from EU, CRS and UNODC. We
established a separate drug rehabilitation center for females in 1995 with the
help of CIDA. We also developed and executed a successful drug abuse prevention
program for the workplace and Employee Assistance Program (EAP) in Lahore,
funded by ILO, IDDRP and UNDCP. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">We provided
In-House Training to the medical and counseling staff of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Dost Welfare Foundation </b>to carry out treatment and rehabilitation
activities funded by CRS/CIDA in 1994.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Starting from 1996
till 2000, we developed and carried out a drug abuse prevention program for the
inmates of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Camp Jail Lahore funded by
IDDRP</b> and also trained 400 paralegal aid workers of Legal Aid Center in
drug abuse prevention and HIV/AIDS prevention. We also provided training to 48
paralegal aid workers of Legal Aid Center/AGHS in drug abuse prevention and
HIV/AIDS prevention to impart drug/HIV/AIDS education to the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">female inmates of 4 prisons of Punjab</b>.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>At the same time we trained 8
community workers of Young Blood Association, Daska in drug abuse/HIV/AIDS
prevention, to impart education to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">the
inmates of Sialkot prison</b>.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">In the year of
2000 onwards, we worked for “The Establishment of a Network and up-gradation of
Drug Treatment and Rehabilitation Services” of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">9 GOs/ NGOs from the province of Punjab and Sindh, funded by UNODC</b>”.
Helped develop and carry out a community based drug abuse prevention program
for the low-income group funded by UNDCP/JADA. We also helped facilitate,
supervise and carry out the 4th National Survey on drug abuse conducted by the
UNDCP and GOP.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">AEN provided
training to the staff of Child Protection and Welfare Bureau, Lahore funded by
UNODC starting from 2011-2012. Training of professionals was carried out on
drug addiction counseling for street children, drug abuse prevention and
HIV/AIDS prevention. We also organized street theatres to educate the public
about the dangers of drug abuse and HIV/AIDS prevention. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Starting from 2010
to 2012, we worked under the project drug addiction treatment and HIV/AIDS
awareness in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">four prisons of Pakistan
funded by UNODC</b> and provided training to the treatment team to carry out
drug treatment and HIV/AIDS prevention in prisons also provided training to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">prison officials</b> to educate them on
drug treatment procedures and HIV/AIDS awareness and conducted a number of
training workshops for the prison staff and counseling staff in different
cities of Pakistan. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">AEN Delegated a
study trip to Iran with the objective to help senior <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Government and prison officials </b>to study drug addiction and
HIV/AIDS awareness/prevention programs in different jails of Iran.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext;">AEN<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> provided Service
Delivery Packages to IDUs in Faisalabad from June, 2011 to February, 2012 in
alliance with Roshan Rasta funded by <b>Punjab AIDS Control Program (PACP).</b>
</span>AEN<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">
helped facilitate <b>Last Round of Integrated Biological and Behavioral
Surveillance</b> in alliance with Punjab AIDS Consortium (PAC) funded by
HASP/CIDA</span>. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext;">AEN<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> carried out “Care
and Support” program to more than 500 drug addicts mainly IDUs over a period of
12 months. Some of them were HIV positive. The main focus was to provide them
detoxification services and HIV/AIDS education to them and their family
members. The project was funded by <b>World Bank</b>. </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext;">AEN<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> provided Service
Delivery Package to Street Based IDUs in Sheikhupura in alliance with PYO. The
project was funded by Punjab AIDS Control Program (PACP), <b>Department of
Health/World Bank. </b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext;">AEN<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> carried out Need
Assessment and Capacity Building Program for 12 NGOs working for the treatment
& rehabilitation of people who use drugs and are at risk of HIV/AIDS in 12
different cities of Pakistan including Lahore, Sheikhupura, Mandi Bahaudin,
Daska, Wazira Abad, Faisalabad, Karachi, Sanghar, Hyderabad, Quetta, and
Peshawar. The project was funded by <b>UNODC</b> from 2013 to 2014. </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">AeN provided Service
Delivery Package to Street Based IDUs in Gujranwala and Sialkot from 2014 to
2016. The project was funded by <b>Punjab AIDS Control Program</b> (PACP),
Department of Health. </span><span style="color: windowtext;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">AeN established treatment
and rehabilitation services for <b>female sex workers</b> (FSWs) with drug
abuse problem. The project was funded by UNODC (2007 to 2009). AeN established
two Drop-In Centers in Kachi Basti and Red Light Area, Lahore. The project was
implemented with the following objectives: </span><span style="color: windowtext;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: windowtext;">To provide drug
addiction treatment and rehabilitation services to FSWs <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: windowtext;">To Provide
primary health care services and treatment of STIs to FSWs <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: windowtext;">To provide
HIV/AIDS awareness and education to FSWs <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: windowtext;">Implementation of
behavior modification tools for assertiveness training, communication skills,
role modeling, role rehearsal and negotiation skills for behavioral change and
safer sex <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: windowtext;">To develop
linkages with existing VCCT facilities <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">AeN carried out HIV
prevention and Care & Support Program for FSWs funded by CIDA with special
focus on <b>FSWs</b> living in Red Light Area<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span><span style="color: windowtext;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span></span></div>
<br /></div>
Mahmooda Aftabhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04045675562174921762noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1983723218924520262.post-78778025634858325582018-03-26T12:17:00.000-07:002018-03-26T13:08:32.148-07:00HIV Prevention for Key Populations<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1cGSDm1Zp_HDMk-J4z0LNlfz99DuU-qmEHC24Ld8abgVsomnWyH60Wgxl1_9g-CKl2oATQkZLHjpbD0ImvXWuhqE_mniEUKKcIZ3pK0QkRarY2FbxjZARrQzMRZ8ahSbLBKiHFU7k6wPc/s1600/HIV89.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="589" data-original-width="847" height="222" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1cGSDm1Zp_HDMk-J4z0LNlfz99DuU-qmEHC24Ld8abgVsomnWyH60Wgxl1_9g-CKl2oATQkZLHjpbD0ImvXWuhqE_mniEUKKcIZ3pK0QkRarY2FbxjZARrQzMRZ8ahSbLBKiHFU7k6wPc/s320/HIV89.png" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Services Delivery Package for HIV prevention for key populations with expected Outcome.</div>
</div>
Mahmooda Aftabhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04045675562174921762noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1983723218924520262.post-78967577441920009682016-11-13T03:54:00.000-08:002016-11-13T03:54:18.197-08:00HIV Services for Young People<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 18.6667px; line-height: 150%;"><b>Lack of access to HIV services</b></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 18.6667px; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Many young people report
that healthcare workers have negative attitudes towards <a href="http://www.aghazenau.com/" target="_blank">young people</a> seeking
healthcare services, particularly those having sex under the national age of
consent, engaging in homosexual relationships or using drugs.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>This deters them from seeking
contraception, sexually transmitted infection (STI) check-ups and HIV testing.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Some young people are
also fearful of stigma from their partners, families and communities, making
them unwilling to come forward for <a href="http://www.aghazenau.com/" target="_blank">HIV testing</a> in case their families find out
that they are sexually active or living with HIV.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Other sexual and reproductive health
services deny access to people who are not married.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h3 style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Gender inequality and HIV vulnerability</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Of all adolescents aged
15-19 who were diagnosed as HIV-positive during 2012, two-thirds were girls.</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Globally,
young girls are more vulnerable to HIV for a number of reasons, but universally
the level of <a href="http://www.aghazenau.com/" target="_blank">HIV knowledge</a> among girls is less than among boys because girls
are less likely to attend and finish secondary school.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">In order to address these
gender differences, a systematic review of HIV programming for adolescents
noted a number of interventions that are needed for programs to be effective
for girls:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">an enabling
environment, including keeping girls in school, promoting gender equity,
strengthening protective legal norms, and reducing gender-based violence<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Information and
service needs, including provision of age-appropriate comprehensive sex
education, increasing knowledge about and access to information and
services, and expanding <a href="http://www.aghazenau.com/hiv-epidemic.html" target="_blank">harm reduction</a> programs for adolescent girls who
inject drugs<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">social support,
including promoting caring relationships with adults and providing support
for adolescent female orphans and vulnerable children.</span></li>
</ul>
<h3 style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Young parenthood and HIV</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">15 million girls between
15 and 19 give birth every year.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>In
certain countries, the average age of parenthood is even lower - 41% of girls
in Sierra Leone have their first pregnancy between 12 and 14 years of age.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">As a result, young women
are more likely to learn their HIV status before their partner does via antenatal
clinic tests. This generates a culture of blame on the woman because she found
out first, reducing her willingness to seek future healthcare services.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h2 style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">The future of HIV among young people</span></b><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Among young people, the
age of sexual debut is rising, the number of sexual partners is falling and the
uptake of voluntary medical male circumcision is most popular among people
younger than 25.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Still, young people are
routinely forgotten in national strategic plans to tackle the HIV epidemic,
especially those that also fall under other key affected populations.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>They are not targeted with
age-appropriate <a href="http://www.aghazenau.com/hiv-epidemic.html" target="_blank">HIV prevention</a> programs and data about their vulnerability is
not collected.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<br />
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">As a result, young people
are often forgotten and excluded from the international HIV response. Engaging
young people is key to protecting their health and addressing the HIV epidemic
as a whole.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
Mahmooda Aftabhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04045675562174921762noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1983723218924520262.post-55894443988729449922016-11-12T03:39:00.001-08:002016-11-12T03:39:35.763-08:00Aghaz-e-Nau: HIV Prevention Interventions by Aghaz-e-Nau<a href="http://maftab92.blogspot.com/2016/11/hiv-prevention-interventions-by-aghaz-e.html#links">Aghaz-e-Nau: HIV Prevention Interventions by Aghaz-e-Nau</a><meta name="propeller" content="cbbe19c824d086eb0ce4e006c65b3d59" />Mahmooda Aftabhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04045675562174921762noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1983723218924520262.post-71087670185599177572016-11-12T03:34:00.002-08:002020-03-04T06:30:31.619-08:00HIV Prevention Interventions by Aghaz-e-Nau<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<script async="async" src="//go.mobisla.com/notice.php?p=876856&interactive=1&pushup=1" type="text/javascript"></script>
<br />
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Aghaz-e-Nau (AeN) is a non-profit, non-governmental
and non-religious organization registered under Societies Act 1860. AeN is
working for the treatment, rehabilitation, and prevention of drug abuse problem
since 1993. At the same time AeN is working to create awareness about HIV/AIDS
amongst the general population and also working tocarry out HIV prevention
activities.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">AeN started working in Gujranwala & Sialkot
(Lot-3) from February, 2014 with the following objectives: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">To halt the HIV prevalence
in IDUs at the current level or it should not increase more than 5% above the
current level.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Specific Objectives: <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">To deliver a defined
package of services to all categories of IDUs including: <span style="color: #0d0d0d;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #0d0d0d; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Harm reduction
services through syringe exchange </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #0d0d0d; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Primary healthcare
services</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #0d0d0d; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Management of STIs </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #0d0d0d; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sexual and
reproductive health education </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #0d0d0d; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Behavior &
communication change services (BCC)</span></li>
</ul>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><b>HIV Prevention Interventions by Aghaz-e-Nau</b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">a)<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Structural Interventions <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #0d0d0d; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Establishment
of drop-in centers/clinics<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #0d0d0d; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">To
promote an enabling environment in the project area<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">b)<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Behavioral Interventions<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #0d0d0d; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">To
implement appropriate behavior change interventions <o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">c)<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Biomedical Interventions<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #0d0d0d; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Providing
harm reduction services including syringe exchange<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #0d0d0d; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Providing
condoms and information on proper use and disposal<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #0d0d0d; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Providing
primary healthcare wound dressing, abscess drainage and syndrome
management of STIs using national guidelines<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #0d0d0d; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Providing
education on sexual and reproductive health and STIs, and access to
acceptable and appropriate services for STIs<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #0d0d0d; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">To
provide access to Voluntary Confidential Counseling and Testing (VCCT)
services for Street-based IDUs and their regular sexual partners<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #0d0d0d; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">To
ensure the HIV Positive Street-based IDUs receive appropriate “care and
support”<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div>
<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
Mahmooda Aftabhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04045675562174921762noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1983723218924520262.post-88517669935080771612016-11-12T03:34:00.001-08:002016-11-12T03:45:54.745-08:00HIV Prevention Interventions by Aghaz-e-Nau<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<script async="async" src="//go.mobisla.com/notice.php?p=876856&interactive=1&pushup=1" type="text/javascript"></script>
<br />
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Aghaz-e-Nau (AeN) is a non-profit, non-governmental
and non-religious organization registered under Societies Act 1860. AeN is
working for the treatment, rehabilitation, and prevention of drug abuse problem
since 1993. At the same time AeN is working to create awareness about HIV/AIDS
amongst the general population and also working tocarry out HIV prevention
activities.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">AeN started working in Gujranwala & Sialkot
(Lot-3) from February, 2014 with the following objectives: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">To halt the HIV prevalence
in IDUs at the current level or it should not increase more than 5% above the
current level.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Specific Objectives: <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">To deliver a defined
package of services to all categories of IDUs including: <span style="color: #0d0d0d;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #0d0d0d; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Harm reduction
services through syringe exchange </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #0d0d0d; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Primary healthcare
services</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #0d0d0d; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Management of STIs </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #0d0d0d; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sexual and
reproductive health education </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #0d0d0d; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Behavior &
communication change services (BCC)</span></li>
</ul>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><b>HIV Prevention Interventions by Aghaz-e-Nau</b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">a)<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Structural Interventions <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #0d0d0d; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Establishment
of drop-in centers/clinics<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #0d0d0d; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">To
promote an enabling environment in the project area<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">b)<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Behavioral Interventions<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #0d0d0d; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">To
implement appropriate behavior change interventions <o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">c)<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Biomedical Interventions<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #0d0d0d; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Providing
harm reduction services including syringe exchange<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #0d0d0d; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Providing
condoms and information on proper use and disposal<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #0d0d0d; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Providing
primary healthcare wound dressing, abscess drainage and syndrome
management of STIs using national guidelines<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #0d0d0d; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Providing
education on sexual and reproductive health and STIs, and access to
acceptable and appropriate services for STIs<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #0d0d0d; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">To
provide access to Voluntary Confidential Counseling and Testing (VCCT)
services for Street-based IDUs and their regular sexual partners<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #0d0d0d; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">To
ensure the HIV Positive Street-based IDUs receive appropriate “care and
support”<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div>
<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
Mahmooda Aftabhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04045675562174921762noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1983723218924520262.post-56536300526870610032016-11-12T03:34:00.000-08:002016-11-12T03:43:49.889-08:00HIV Prevention Interventions by Aghaz-e-Nau<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Aghaz-e-Nau (AeN) is a non-profit, non-governmental
and non-religious organization registered under Societies Act 1860. AeN is
working for the treatment, rehabilitation, and prevention of drug abuse problem
since 1993. At the same time AeN is working to create awareness about HIV/AIDS
amongst the general population and also working tocarry out HIV prevention
activities.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">AeN started working in Gujranwala & Sialkot
(Lot-3) from February, 2014 with the following objectives: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">To halt the HIV prevalence
in IDUs at the current level or it should not increase more than 5% above the
current level.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Specific Objectives: <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">To deliver a defined
package of services to all categories of IDUs including: <span style="color: #0d0d0d;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #0d0d0d; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Harm reduction
services through syringe exchange </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #0d0d0d; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Primary healthcare
services</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #0d0d0d; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Management of STIs </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #0d0d0d; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sexual and
reproductive health education </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #0d0d0d; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Behavior &
communication change services (BCC)</span></li>
</ul>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><b>HIV Prevention Interventions by Aghaz-e-Nau</b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">a)<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Structural Interventions <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #0d0d0d; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Establishment
of drop-in centers/clinics<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #0d0d0d; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">To
promote an enabling environment in the project area<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">b)<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Behavioral Interventions<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #0d0d0d; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">To
implement appropriate behavior change interventions <o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">c)<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Biomedical Interventions<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #0d0d0d; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Providing
harm reduction services including syringe exchange<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #0d0d0d; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Providing
condoms and information on proper use and disposal<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #0d0d0d; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Providing
primary healthcare wound dressing, abscess drainage and syndrome
management of STIs using national guidelines<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #0d0d0d; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Providing
education on sexual and reproductive health and STIs, and access to
acceptable and appropriate services for STIs<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #0d0d0d; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">To
provide access to Voluntary Confidential Counseling and Testing (VCCT)
services for Street-based IDUs and their regular sexual partners<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #0d0d0d; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">To
ensure the HIV Positive Street-based IDUs receive appropriate “care and
support”<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
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Mahmooda Aftabhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04045675562174921762noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1983723218924520262.post-32282971009173188582016-10-27T09:55:00.001-07:002020-03-04T06:30:39.987-08:00HIV Prevention <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: "Benton Sans", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 15px;">
<strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;">What Young People Need to Know?</strong></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: "Benton Sans", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 15px;">
The behavior of young people now will determine the future of the HIV and AIDS epidemic. If we cannot change the behavior of people who do not have HIV and AIDS, the disease will only spread even more widely. There are many different kinds of projects that can be used to reach young people. The most successful ones all over the world, have used the principle of “peer education”. This means that young people are trained to be the educators of other young people. They are much better at communicating with other young people and are not treated with the suspicion that young people might have for older people who come and tell them what to do with their lives.</div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: "Benton Sans", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 15px;">
<a href="https://www.indiegogo.com/projects/hiv-prevention-campaign-for-young-people-youth#/" target="_blank">Young people</a> need to be educated and learn how to deal with things like:</div>
<ul style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: "Benton Sans", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2em;">
<li style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; list-style: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Preventing HIV and AIDS through healthy and safe sexual practices</li>
<li style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; list-style: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Preventing sexually-transmitted infections</li>
<li style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; list-style: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Understanding drug-use and the spread of HIV and AIDS</li>
<li style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; list-style: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Understanding sex, reproduction and safe-sex</li>
<li style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; list-style: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Learning about care and support of people with HIV and AIDS and their families</li>
<li style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; list-style: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Learning how to deal with peer-pressure</li>
<li style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; list-style: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Learning some communication and negotiation skills – especially around sexual issues</li>
</ul>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<img border="0" height="265" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijqvwJDyDLo05npXB2uCHHEV0GT4eSSz2v-GZf4xvjWlgzRyHZ3gD5lsU-BJDIjgRZZbUd5BHV2ZoNfD4a0Joq2s3TBFbf8Aj9w0Xc-3_5sUiAy0QXWA68ZHyQMHMIJiPVTK8YcDjhKzoo/s400/_MG_0053333.jpg" width="400" /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #2a2a2a; font-family: "benton sans" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
Mahmooda Aftabhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04045675562174921762noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1983723218924520262.post-91109622211438312762016-10-27T09:55:00.000-07:002016-11-05T21:26:04.949-07:00HIV Prevention <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: "Benton Sans", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 15px;">
<strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;">What Young People Need to Know?</strong></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: "Benton Sans", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 15px;">
The behavior of young people now will determine the future of the HIV and AIDS epidemic. If we cannot change the behavior of people who do not have HIV and AIDS, the disease will only spread even more widely. There are many different kinds of projects that can be used to reach young people. The most successful ones all over the world, have used the principle of “peer education”. This means that young people are trained to be the educators of other young people. They are much better at communicating with other young people and are not treated with the suspicion that young people might have for older people who come and tell them what to do with their lives.</div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: "Benton Sans", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 15px;">
<a href="https://www.indiegogo.com/projects/hiv-prevention-campaign-for-young-people-youth#/" target="_blank">Young people</a> need to be educated and learn how to deal with things like:</div>
<ul style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: "Benton Sans", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2em;">
<li style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; list-style: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Preventing HIV and AIDS through healthy and safe sexual practices</li>
<li style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; list-style: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Preventing sexually-transmitted infections</li>
<li style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; list-style: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Understanding drug-use and the spread of HIV and AIDS</li>
<li style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; list-style: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Understanding sex, reproduction and safe-sex</li>
<li style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; list-style: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Learning about care and support of people with HIV and AIDS and their families</li>
<li style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; list-style: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Learning how to deal with peer-pressure</li>
<li style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; list-style: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Learning some communication and negotiation skills – especially around sexual issues</li>
</ul>
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Mahmooda Aftabhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04045675562174921762noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1983723218924520262.post-46428354358161128752016-10-22T12:17:00.004-07:002016-10-22T12:17:40.904-07:00When Children Get Neglected <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h2 style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><b><a href="https://www.indiegogo.com/projects/hiv-prevention-campaign-for-young-people-youth#/" target="_blank">Donate Us</a></b></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">This project has come during the right time
with great urgency since it is meant to fill in the gap that Parents, teachers
and other community members neglected their responsibility in educating their youth
about <a href="https://www.indiegogo.com/projects/hiv-prevention-campaign-for-young-people-youth#/" target="_blank">HIV/AIDS prevention</a>. It is urgent since the number of new infections among
young people in our areas is increasing daily. The transition made here is base
where our youth will have the right knowledge that will empower them in the
right actions. That will contribute into the reduction of not only new HIV
infections, but also reduction of other sexually transmitted diseases as it
fills the knowledge gap created by existence of silence among parents teachers
and other community.</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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Mahmooda Aftabhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04045675562174921762noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1983723218924520262.post-24816432790594304122016-10-18T11:30:00.004-07:002016-10-18T11:30:43.142-07:00HIV Prevention Program for Youth<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Today, young people (15-24) account for 40 per cent of
all new adult HIV infections. Each day, more than 2400 young people become
infected with HIV—and some five million young people are living with HIV. Young
people are a fulcrum. They remain at the center of the epidemic and they have
the power, through their leadership, to definitively change the course of the
AIDS epidemic. Experience over the past decade has demonstrated how to address
<a href="https://www.indiegogo.com/projects/hiv-prevention-campaign-for-young-people-youth#/" target="_blank">HIV among young people</a>. In countries with concentrated epidemics, programs and
resources must focus on adolescents and youth who engage in risky behaviors,
including injecting drugs, selling sex and men who have sex with men. In
countries with generalized epidemics, where the general population is at risk,
all vulnerable young people, particularly young women, need to be targeted
priority in policy and program design. Evidence shows that sex education helps
in reducing the risk of HIV by delaying the onset of sexual activity and
encouraging safer sexual behavior. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">The majority of young people who are acquiring HIV are
those who inject drugs, very few of whom have access to evidence-informed HIV
prevention and treatment services. Achieving universal access to HIV
prevention, treatment, care and support for all, including young people. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Accurate and comprehensive knowledge about HIV is still
low among young people and investment in education is needed. Delayed onset of
sexual activity and increased use of condoms have contributed to a decrease in
HIV incidence among young people in most of the countries. Out of 45 countries
with survey-based trend data, 17 are starting to show a steady increase in HIV
prevention knowledge among young women. Several high prevalence countries are
also showing stabilization of their HIV epidemic with notable behavioral
changes among young people in terms of age at onset of sex, multiple partners,
and condom use. Many challenges still persist in translating lessons learned
into practice. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Young
people still need more opportunities for meaningful engagement in advocacy and
decision making.<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></i></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">OUR APPROACH<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">We plan to run an effective prevention campaign. The aims
of any prevention campaign should be to reduce the infection rate. Here are the
key things that should be done:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Educating
everyone to understand how HIV and AIDS is spread and what we can do to protect
ourselves. We must encourage our youth to change sexual behavior.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Promoting
openness so we can break down the stigma and silence surrounding HIV and AIDS.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Making everyone
aware of the plight of people living with AIDS and the problems faced by their
families, and mobilizing communities to help care for people who are affected.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Encouraging
testing for all people who are sexually active and making sure there is proper
counselling that goes with the testing.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Ensuring
people understand their rights and the treatment options once they have been
diagnosed.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Public education and awareness programs are most
effective when we plan and prepare well and have the following:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">A clear
target group that we want to reach and a good understanding of the target
group’s culture, language and attitudes<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">The right
slogans and messages to really influence and change the target group<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">The right
methods to reach our target group<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">The
people and resources to implement the programs<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">HIV/AIDS PREVENTION ACTIVITIES FOR YOUTH <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">A.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Workshops</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">A workshop can be a
few hours long and is a good way to educate people. Workshops give people a
chance to discuss issues in more detail. Try to make the workshop exciting and
participatory – no one wants to sit and listen to a long lecture. (See workshop
outline). Workshops are more difficult to handle and your trainers or
facilitators should be trained to run them. Always send inexperienced people with
experienced people until they build confidence.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">B.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Plays,
songs and music</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Culture can be a very
effective way of getting your message across to people who do not want to sit
in meetings or workshops. Involve local cultural groups in developing education
programs. We will also organize cultural or talent competitions for schools and
youth groups.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">C.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Community
meetings</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Use meetings of
interested people from your community or from a specific target group, where
people come together to discuss HIV and AIDS or a specific issue related to HIV
and AIDS. Try to involve sympathetic community leaders like politicians,
councilors, religious leaders and health workers. For example, ward councilors
can call ward meetings and church leaders can organize an interfaith
event. Meetings work best if people have a chance to give their views,
ask questions and discuss problems and solutions. The leaders should be there
to listen and to give some information and direction. Speakers should make only
a very short introductory speech that covers the main issues/problems and then
ask the participants to give their experiences and their views about what
should be done. Leaders can sum up the way forward at the end of a forum.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">D.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Pamphlets</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Pamphlets are a good
way of spreading information about HIV and AIDS and services offered by
organizations. The Department of Health has many simple pamphlets you can use.
If you write your own, keep pamphlets short and simple. Translate them into the
most common languages used in your area. Make sure you distribute them properly
and to the right target groups – otherwise you can waste a lot of money.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="condom"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="promoting"></a><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">E.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Promoting
openness and awareness<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">We have
to actively promote openness about HIV and AIDS and create a more supportive
environment for people living with HIV and AIDS. Unless we bring the disease
into the open, we cannot deal with it effectively. If we cannot break the
silence ourselves, we cannot expect the rest of society to do so.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">As
organizations we can:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Encourage
and support people living with HIV and AIDS to go public about their status<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Ask
people living with HIV and AIDS to sit on platforms and speak at meetings with
our leaders<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Encourage
testing by organizing testing drives and asking those leaders who are willing
to, to go public about their results<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Create
role models for how to cope with HIV and AIDS, by encouraging our leaders and
other influential people who are HIV positive to reveal their status and to
help campaign and raise awareness.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Awareness
campaigns are used to make issues visible and to change public attitudes. They
should aim to get publicity and to directly reach thousands of people. Be
sensitive in the way you campaign. People are easily turned away by campaigns
that are too aggressive or negative. Here are some methods you could use:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">AIDS
ribbons - everyone should wear the red AIDS ribbon to show their support –
especially local leaders.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Banners –
make a striking banner and hang it in a prominent place. Take it to places
where many people gather – like soccer matches. The banner should have a clear
message with a slogan and a picture if possible.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Posters/pamphlets/graffiti
– use posters and pamphlets to raise the issues or give people information. Get
them from other organizations or make your own. Get permission from the council
to paint an educational mural in a public place.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="counselling"></a><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">F.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Counselling and testing<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Most people who are
HIV positive do not know it. This means that they will unknowingly spread the
disease to their partners while they are in the early stages.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">There are few, if
any, symptoms in the early stages of the disease. The flu-like symptoms that
often occur shortly after infection usually pass quickly so most
people do not know that they have become HIV-positive
(seroconverted is the medical term)). This underlines the importance of people
being tested even if they have no symptoms. Testing should not be a once-off
activity. Encourage people to be tested every couple of years.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">We should stress four main things as good reasons for
testing:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">If you
know you are still negative, you can make sure that you protect yourself and
stay negative.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">If you
know that you are positive, you can do the right things to stay healthy.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">If you
know that you are positive, you can protect your partner by practicing safe
sex.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">We should
also stress that it is the right thing to do and that it is our moral
responsibility to not spread the disease. This should not be the main reason we
use. The four listed above may be more effective since they appeal to people’s
self-interest. It is also important to set up counselling and testing in places
where it is comfortable and where people can go without others finding out. The
facilities should be open at times when working people can get there. There
should also be a referral system in place so that when someone tests positive
they can be offered other forms of support. We must use all our public
education and awareness methods to promote testing.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
Mahmooda Aftabhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04045675562174921762noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1983723218924520262.post-4271466165980798792016-10-05T04:41:00.001-07:002016-10-05T04:44:40.463-07:00Street Children Need Your Help!!!<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Street children are minors who live and survive on the streets. Because of conflicts with their family, these children don’t want to or can’t return home. The project will support children who are in need of special protection e.g. victims of violence and abuse, street children, substance abusers, children in conflict with the law, etc. Advocacy for children’s rights at national level, and to monitor their status. Activities in these sectors meet a child’s right to protection.
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.aghazenau.com/donate-us.html" target="_blank"><b><span style="font-size: large;">Donate Us</span></b></a></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: center;" trbidi="on">
<br /></div>
<iframe frameborder="0" height="445px" scrolling="no" src="https://www.indiegogo.com/project/street-children-need-your-help-food-education/embedded" width="222px"></iframe></div>
Mahmooda Aftabhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04045675562174921762noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1983723218924520262.post-44917605725155224712016-08-22T08:57:00.000-07:002016-08-22T08:57:10.259-07:00THE ROLE OF BEHAVIOR CHANGE COMMUNICATION (BCC) IN HIV AND AIDS PREVENTION <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">BCC is an integral component of a comprehensive HIV/AIDS
prevention, care and support program. It has a number of different but
interrelated roles. Effective BCC can: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<ul style="line-height: 150%;">
<li><b style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Increase knowledge. </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">BCC can
ensure that people are given the basic facts about HIV and AIDS in a language
or visual medium (or any other medium that they can understand and relate to).</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="line-height: 150%;">
<li><b style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Stimulate community dialogue. </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">BCC
can encourage community and national discussions on the basic facts of HIV/AIDS
and the underlying factors that contribute to the epidemic, such as risk
behaviors and risk settings, environments and cultural practices related to sex
and sexuality, and marginalized practices (such as drug use) that create these conditions.
It can also stimulate discussion of healthcare-seeking behaviors for
prevention, care and support.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="line-height: 150%;">
<li><b style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Promote
essential attitude change. </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">BCC can lead to appropriate
attitudinal changes about, for example, perceived personal risk of HIV
infection, belief in the right to and responsibility for safe practices and
health supporting services, compassionate and non-judgmental provision of
services, greater open-mindedness concerning gender roles and increasing the
basic rights of those vulnerable to and affected by HIV and AIDS.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="line-height: 150%;">
<li><b style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Reduce
stigma and discrimination. </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Communication about HIV prevention
and AIDS mitigation should address stigma and discrimination and attempt to
influence social responses to them (see below).</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="line-height: 150%;">
<li><b style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Create
a demand for information and services. </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">BCC can spur individuals
and communities to demand information on HIV/AIDS and appropriate services.</span></li>
<li><b style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Advocate.
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">BCC
can lead policymakers and opinion leaders toward effective approaches to the
epidemic.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="line-height: 150%;">
<li><b style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Promote
services for prevention, care and support. </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">BCC can promote
services for STIs, intravenous drug users (IDUs), orphans and vulnerable
children (OVCs); voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) for mother-to-child
transmission (MTCT); support groups for PLHA; clinical care for opportunistic
infections; and social and economic support. BCC is also an integral component
of these services.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="line-height: 150%;">
<li><b style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Improve
skills and sense of self-efficacy. </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">BCC programs can focus on
teaching or reinforcing new skills and behaviors, such as condom use,
negotiating safer sex and safe injecting practices. It can contribute to
development of a sense of confidence in making and acting on decisions. </span></li>
</ul>
<br />
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</div>
</div>
Mahmooda Aftabhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04045675562174921762noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1983723218924520262.post-23075461151958167392016-08-05T13:03:00.001-07:002016-08-05T13:03:52.953-07:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.32px;">We need CVs of NGOs representatives from different cities of Punjab including Bahawalnagar, Bhakkar, Chiniot, Dera Ghazi Khan, Faisalabad, Gujranwala, Gujrat, Hafizabad, Jhang, Jhelum, Kasur, Khanewal, Khushab, Lahore, Layyah towns, Mianwali, Muzaffargarh, Nankana, Sahib, Narowal, Shakargarh, Pakpattan, Rahim Yar Khan, Rawalpindi, Sahiwal, Chichawatni, Toba Tek Singh and Vehari. </span></div>
Mahmooda Aftabhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04045675562174921762noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1983723218924520262.post-69918086728643889962016-07-02T06:34:00.001-07:002016-07-02T06:37:09.408-07:00Importance of Harm Reduction Program <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">I Introduction<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Thirty percent of new
global HIV infections now occur outside sub-Saharan Africa (which alone is home
to almost 64% of all HIV infections), and of these, 30% now involve People Who
Inject Drugs (PWID). This means that the sharing of injection equipment currently
accounts for approximately one in every 10 new HIV infections in the world. HIV
spreading among PWID has led to generalized epidemics in at least half a dozen
countries. In some countries, HIV epidemics appear to have started with PWID
sharing injecting equipment in prison. There are now an estimated 13 million
PWID worldwide. Many spend several years of their period as PWID in prison.
Injection drug use has been reported in 144 countries worldwide, among which 128
have detected HIV among PWID.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Most HIV transmission among
PWID involves the shared use of needles and syringes although other forms of
injecting equipment, such as spoons and tourniquets, also make a contribution.
As HIV prevalence in this population begins to increase, sexual transmission becomes
more important. There are generally more male than female PWID. In developing
countries, the proportion of male PWID is usually much higher. This means that
most male PWID have female sex partners who do not inject drugs. Inevitably,
sexual transmission to these women will later result in transmission to other,
possibly non-drug using, men. In many countries, there is considerable overlap
between PWID and female sex workers, providing a readily available bridge for
HIV to reach the general population. Lack of enthusiasm to prevent HIV spread
among PWID is common, but most are prepared to take this problem quite
seriously when the magnitude of the risks to the general population are
considered. </span></div>
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<b style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">What
is Harm Reduction</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Harm
Reduction refers to strategies that aim to reduce the harms associated with
injecting drug use. The earliest forms of harm reduction promoted
abstinence from drug use and put reducing its occurrence at the center of
substance use policy and interventions.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">The
concept of harm reduction was re-invented in the early 1980s at the beginning
of the HIV epidemic when healthcare workers started to provide clean syringes
to PWID rather than solely trying to achieve abstinence. Since then,
there has been slow but steady progress in support for harm reduction programs
as a component of the response to the HIV epidemic as well as other illicit
drug use epidemics, with a wide range of initiatives implemented to date.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Of
the 158 countries that report drug use, only 88 of them explicitly reference
harm reduction in their national policies (56%).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">History of HIV prevention programs for PWID</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">HIV
prevention programs for PWID are interventions that aim to halt the
transmission of HIV. They are implemented to either protect an individual and
their community, or are rolled out as public health policies.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Initially,
HIV prevention programs focused primarily on preventing the sexual transmission
of HIV through behavior change. For a number of years, <b>the ABC approach</b> - "Abstinence, Be faithful, Use a
Condom" - was used in response to the growing epidemic.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">However,
by the mid-2000s, it became evident that effective HIV prevention needs to take
into account underlying socio-cultural, economic, political, legal and other
contextual factors. As the complex nature of the global HIV epidemic has become
clear, forms of 'combination prevention' have largely replaced ABC-type
approaches.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"> Combination prevention<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Combination
prevention is a package of coordinated biomedical, behavioral and structural
HIV prevention interventions. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDZn5BZtae0A-TRafTHRWtsO3i9LT-9ulaaYqHRu2gVftsPVhgdXPqxXBnnrQECmFSmVMvSj2NHY4Oz0dK44JWd2KPAIprzIVG3rkx-Td65RUW2YMVyptmGQwrNqnsyXOkZoZQ_Eb08eP7/s1600/Bitmap+Image.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="243" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDZn5BZtae0A-TRafTHRWtsO3i9LT-9ulaaYqHRu2gVftsPVhgdXPqxXBnnrQECmFSmVMvSj2NHY4Oz0dK44JWd2KPAIprzIVG3rkx-Td65RUW2YMVyptmGQwrNqnsyXOkZoZQ_Eb08eP7/s400/Bitmap+Image.bmp" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Combination
prevention advocates for a holistic approach whereby HIV prevention is not a
single intervention (such as condom distribution) but the simultaneous use of
complementary behavioral, biomedical and structural prevention strategies.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Combination
prevention programs consider factors specific to each setting, such as levels
of infrastructure, local culture and traditions as well as populations
most affected by HIV. They can be implemented at the individual, community and
population levels.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">UNAIDS
has called for combined approaches to HIV prevention to be scaled-up, to
reinvigorate the global response and make a sustained impact on global HIV incidence
rates. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">(</span><a href="http://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/en/media/unaids/contentassets/documents/unaidspublication/2011/20111110_JC2007_Combination_Prevention_paper_en.pdf"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">http://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/en/media/unaids/contentassets/documents/unaidspublication/2011/20111110_JC2007_Combination_Prevention_paper_en.pdf</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhiHDoWHDaVrEwnDW64oJir019df0zpCoRxqjUWgKU31DRZW0c6OqsF8_WrgvOwEnLajHDBd6XpBAYSi04FIL78MGChBe1llIs0IqoBviHODPCDu417rBuTXG32YFolsDLXf9rnv4gTaKo/s1600/New+Image.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="167" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhiHDoWHDaVrEwnDW64oJir019df0zpCoRxqjUWgKU31DRZW0c6OqsF8_WrgvOwEnLajHDBd6XpBAYSi04FIL78MGChBe1llIs0IqoBviHODPCDu417rBuTXG32YFolsDLXf9rnv4gTaKo/s400/New+Image.bmp" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
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<b style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">Behavioral interventions</span></b></div>
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<b style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Behavioral
interventions seek to reduce the risk of HIV transmission by addressing risky
behaviors. A behavioral intervention may aim to reduce the number of sexual
partners individuals have; improve treatment adherence among people living with
HIV; increase the use of clean needles among PWID; or increase the consistent
and correct use of condoms. To date, these types of interventions have proved
the most successful. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Examples of behavioral interventions include:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<ol>
<li><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">information provision (such as sex education)</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">counselling and other forms of psycho-social
support</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">safe injecting practices</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">education on proper condom use</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">stigma and discrimination reduction
program</span></li>
</ol>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 18.6667px; line-height: 28px; text-indent: -24px;"><b>Biomedical interventions</b></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px; line-height: 28px;"><br /></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><br /></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">Biomedical
interventions use a mix of clinical and medical approaches to reduce HIV
transmission. In order to be effective, biomedical interventions are rarely
implemented independently and are often used in conjunction with behavioral
interventions.</span></div>
<div>
<div style="text-indent: -24px;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px; line-height: 28px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Examples of biomedical interventions include:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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</div>
<ol>
<li><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">male and female condoms</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">sex and reproductive health services</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">HIV testing and counselling</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">testing and treatment of sexually transmitted
infections</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">needle and syringe programs</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">opioid substitution therapy</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">blood screening </span></li>
</ol>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Structural interventions<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Structural
interventions seek to address underlying factors that make individuals or
groups vulnerable to HIV infection. These can be social, economic, political or
environmental.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">"For
many people, the simple fact that 90% of the world's HIV infections occur in
developing countries is evidence that social, economic and political structures
drive risk behaviors and shape vulnerability." Structural
interventions are much more difficult to implement because they attempt to deal
with deep-rooted socio-economic issues such as poverty, gender inequality and
social marginalization. They can also be reliant on the cooperation of
governments to achieve law or policy reforms.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Examples of structural interventions include:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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</div>
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">interventions addressing gender, economic and
social inequality</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">decriminalizing sex work, homosexuality, drug
use and the use of harm reduction services</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">interventions to protect individuals from
police harassment and violence</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">laws protecting the rights of people living
with HIV</span></li>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">A public health approach to combination
prevention<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">More
recently, some people have advocated for a public health approach to
combination prevention. This involves using a combination of biomedical,
behavioral and structural strategies to target currently available resources at
high prevalence regions or 'hot spots' and high-risk groups.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">For
example, a combination of needle and syringe programs, antiretroviral
treatment, HIV testing and opioid substitution therapy in Tallinn, Estonia, was
found to reduce HIV prevalence among people who inject drugs from 20.7% to 7.5%
between 2005 and 2011.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">It
is thought that targeting combination prevention initiatives at high-risk
groups together with a scale-up in antiretroviral treatment has the potential
to reduce HIV prevalence from pandemic levels to low-endemic levels.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2813%2962230-8/abstract"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2813%2962230-8/abstract</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">The
World Health Organization (WHO), the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
(UNODC) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) strongly
recommend harm reduction as an approach to HIV prevention, treatment and care
for PWID. Specifically, they advocate for a comprehensive package including:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
</div>
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">needle and syringe programs (NSPs)</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">opioid substitution therapy (OST) and other
drug dependence treatment</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">HIV testing and counselling (HTC)</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">antiretroviral treatment (ART)</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">prevention and treatment of sexually
transmitted infections (STIs)</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">condom programs for PWID and their sexual
partners</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">targeted information, education and
communication for PWID and their sexual partners</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">vaccination, diagnosis and treatment of viral
hepatitis</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">prevention, diagnosis and treatment
of tuberculosis (TB)</span></li>
</ol>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Needle and syringe exchange programs<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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</div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Needle
and syringe exchange programs are a type of harm reduction
initiative that provide clean needles and syringes to PWID. The World
Health Organization (WHO) recommends providing 2-3 sterile needles and syringes
per drug injector per day, in order to effectively tackle HIV transmission via
this route.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Programs
aim primarily to reduce the transmission of HIV and other blood-borne viruses
caused by the sharing of injecting equipment. Many also work to reduce other
harms associated with injecting drug use by providing:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
</div>
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">advice on safer injecting practices</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">advice on minimizing the harm done by drugs</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">advice on how to avoid and manage an overdose</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">information on the safe handling and disposal
of injecting equipment</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">referrals to HIV testing and treatment
services</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">help to stop injecting drugs, including
access to drug treatment (such as opioid substitution therapy) and
encouragement to switch to safer drug taking practices and</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">other health and welfare services (including
condom provision)</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjg9H_5JPfxFahcOi3qp2QJ6SQzaG3fBf4U1ZKT2nNugkg_TD2zl4vAO7BmU9xjtVBLr9LBJ48KiQGNUKn7Lpc1hOmeVC31pbNmuOQbHJAiYj5mKZmqLDh1AT_1DyeSv3YpLCv3N9ddDsqb/s1600/Image.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="135" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjg9H_5JPfxFahcOi3qp2QJ6SQzaG3fBf4U1ZKT2nNugkg_TD2zl4vAO7BmU9xjtVBLr9LBJ48KiQGNUKn7Lpc1hOmeVC31pbNmuOQbHJAiYj5mKZmqLDh1AT_1DyeSv3YpLCv3N9ddDsqb/s400/Image.bmp" width="400" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -24px;">
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">6.1.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">How are needle and syringe programs
delivered?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
</div>
<ol>
<li><b style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Fixed sites</span></b></li>
</ol>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"> fixed
sites are typically located where the drugs are bought and sold openly. They
are normally Drop-In Centers (DICs) and have a reception area for clients where
they receive new syringe, and return the used one. <o:p></o:p></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">At
fixed sites, it is easier to offer additional services such as healthcare
alongside testing and counselling for HIV and other blood-borne viruses. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
</div>
<ol>
<li><b style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Mobile programs</span></b></li>
</ol>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: right;">Mobile
programs operate from a van or bus with needles and syringes distributed</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">through a door or window. Some large mobile programs act like fixed sites with</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">testing and other healthcare services also available. </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Others
run in conjunction with</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">fixed sites. In these instances, the fixed site is </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">typically located in an area with high</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">numbers of people who inject drugs with
the </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">mobile unit focusing on harder to reach</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">or smaller populations. Mobile
programs can </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">be more accessible than fixed sites and</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">often face less opposition
than fixed sites.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -24px;">
<br />
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</div>
<ol>
<li><b style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Outreach programs</span></b></li>
</ol>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Outreach
programs take many forms including mobile units (such as a van or bus),</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">backpacking services on the street or even home deliveries. They typically
operate</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">where there is a shortage of funding for needle and syringe programs. Some
outreach</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">programs exist to complement fixed or mobile units where injecting
drug users are</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">not engaging with established services. Outreach workers are
tasked with</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">encouraging people who inject drugs to use existing fixed or mobile
sites.</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Barriers to harm reduction for HIV prevention<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
</div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"></span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -24px;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">
Harm
reduction has been demonstrated as both an effective and efficient way </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">of </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">preventing the transmission of HIV and other blood-borne viruses among drug </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">users. </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">However, a number of barriers prevent their implementation.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -24px;">
<ol>
<li><b style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Stigma, discrimination and the war on drugs</span></b></li>
</ol>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">A'war on drugs' approach still prevails in many countries. Law enforcement </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">authorities continue to criminalize the possession of needles and syringes and
mount </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">'crackdowns' on PWID even when they are seeking treatment or visiting healthcare </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">centers for clean needles and syringes or other services. Criminalization
drives </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">PWID away from health and HIV prevention services. </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">In
2014, the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights raised </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">concerns
with Ukraine about “the punitive approach taken in the State party towards </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">persons who use drugs, which results in high numbers of such persons being </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">imprisoned”.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -24px;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -24px;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Criminalization
drives PWID away from health and HIV services.<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<b style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"> The harm reduction funding crisis</span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">One
of the biggest barriers to harm reduction initiatives is a lack of </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 18.6667px; line-height: 28px;">sustainable</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"> funding, which forces programs to downsize or run at a much
reduced </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">rate. International donors provide the majority of financial resources
for harm </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">reduction programs to prevent HIV. At last estimate in 2010,
international donors</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">spent just $160 million on HIV prevention programs for
PWID - 7% of what is required. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -24px;">
<b style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"> Barriers faced by young people who inject
drugs</span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -24px;">
<ol>
<li><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"> Although
data for people who inject drugs is available, it is </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">unknown </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">how </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">many </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">young
people inject drugs, or what the HIV prevalence among this group </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">is. One </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">report
has suggested that 3% of young people who inject drugs are living </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">with HIV </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">worldwide. </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Many
drug users start injecting when they are very young, </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">with high proportions of
teenage drug users in Eastern Europe and Asia especially. </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"> Young people are also
likely to show more high-risk behavior such as sharing </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">needles or getting
needles from unofficial places. </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">HIV
prevention programs typically overlook young people at risk of injecting drug
use; few reach out to vulnerable youth to prevent them from starting to inject
or help them to end their addiction if they have already started. </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"> Moreover,
prevention programs do not specifically address the issues that vulnerable young
people face, such as peer pressure, unstable family homes or exclusion from
school. Some HIV prevention initiatives like OST may even deter young people
because they require registration, parental consent or impose age restrictions.</span></li>
</ol>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -24px;">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"> <b>Effectiveness of Needle Exchange Programs
(NEPs) </b></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%;">
</div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">NEPs have been associated
with a number of positive health outcomes. In 1988, </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Buning and colleagues in
Amsterdam reported declines in needle sharing </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">and </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">injection frequency
associated with NEP participation (1). Other studies </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">subsequently reported
reductions in incidence of HIV, HBV, and HCV infections (2), </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">decreased needle
sharing among HIV-negative and HIV-positive persons (3), </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">decreases in syringe
reuse (4), and increased rates of entry into drug treatment </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">programs (5). </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">In the United Kingdom and
Australia, where NEPs were introduced early and vigorously within the context
of a comprehensive prevention program including expanded methadone maintenance
programs, HIV epidemics among PWID have been essentially averted (6). Despite
variations between programs, a recent international comparison showed that in
29 cities with established NEPs, HIV prevalence decreased on average by 5.8%
per year, but it increased on average by 5.9% per year in 51 cities without
NEPs (7). In New York City, NEPs have been associated with a dramatic decline
in HIV incidence, which represents an HIV epidemic among PWID that has
essentially been reversed (8). </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Although the overwhelming
majority of studies have found NEPs to be associated with beneficial health
outcomes, some studies have been equivocal in their findings. In 1997, one of
the authors reported an HIV outbreak among PWID that occurred in the presence
of a high-volume NEP that had been introduced early (9). More recently, Hagan
and colleagues (10) reported no benefit of NEP attendance upon incidence rates
of HBV and HCV among PWID in Seattle, Washington. On the other hand, Bruneau
and colleagues reported a higher HIV incidence among NEP attendees compared to non-attenders
in Montreal (11). These findings have generated controversy surrounding the
evidence of NEP effectiveness among policy-makers, the lay community, and even
scientists (12). </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Among the scientific
community, discussion has centered on possible explanations for higher observed
incidence of HIV among NEP attendees relative to nonattendees in some settings
(13). One of the most obvious explanations is that of selection bias, because
NEPs tend to attract higher risk PWID who engage in riskier behaviors compared
to IDUs who tend to obtain syringes from other sources (14). Vancouver
researchers demonstrated that selection bias could have entirely accounted for
the higher HIV incidence rates observed among frequent versus infrequent NEP
attendees (15). In San Francisco, PWID who later began attending an NEP had
higher HIV incidence rates than those who had never attended (16). Others have
pointed out that the discrepant findings have tended to occur in settings where
PWID can legally purchase syringes in pharmacies (17). This would only serve to
intensify the difference in risks between NEP attendees and nonattendees,
because PWID who can afford to buy syringes at pharmacies are likely to
represent higher socioeconomic strata that are consistent with lower HIV risk
propensities. </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">To date, there appears to
be no published evidence that NEPs cause negative societal effects. For
example, there is no evidence that NEPs cause increases in drug use (18) or
crime (19). Studies have failed to support the notion that NEPs indirectly
contribute to the formation of high-risk needle sharing networks (20). There
have been isolated, infrequent accounts of needle-stick injuries occurring in
cities where NEPs exist. However, Doherty and colleagues (21) have demonstrated
that there has been a significant decrease in the number of discarded needles
on the street following the introduction of an NEP in Baltimore, which supports
earlier studies (22). Although some contend that the evidence on NEP
effectiveness remains open to interpretation, there is widespread agreement
among scientists that NEPs do not cause social harms.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -24px;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px; line-height: 28px;"><br /></span></span>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Conclusions</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%;">
</div>
<ol>
<li><b style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">The
high-risk practice of sharing syringes and other injection equipment is common
among PWID.</span></b></li>
</ol>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">HIV can be transmitted by sharing
needles, syringes, or other injection equipment </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">(e.g., cookers, rinse water,
cotton) that were used by a person living with HIV. </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">According to a study of
cities with high levels of HIV, approximately one-third of </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">PWID reported
sharing syringes and more than half reported sharing other injection </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">equipment
in the past 12 months.</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%;">
</div>
<ol>
<li><b style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Use
of injection drugs can reduce inhibitions and increase risk behaviors.</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></li>
</ol>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">These
include not using a condom or taking preventive medicines (such as pre </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">exposure
prophylaxis, or PrEP) as directed. In the study of cities with high levels of </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">HIV, 72% of females who inject drugs reported having sex without a condom in
the </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">last year. People who inject drugs may also take part in risky sexual
behaviors to get </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">drugs or while under coercion.</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%;">
</div>
<b style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Young
people (aged 15-30 years) who inject drugs have many of the same risk</span></b><br />
<b style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">factors
for HIV found in older PWID</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">, including a significant risk of sexual HIV </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">transmission among MSM who inject drugs and among PWID who exchanged sex</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">for
money or drugs. These findings suggest HIV prevention interventions for PWID</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">should include sexual risk reduction as well as injection risk reduction.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -24px;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px; line-height: 28px;"><br /></span></span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%;">
</div>
<b style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Injection
drug use is often viewed as a criminal activity rather than a medical </span></b><br />
<b style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">issue
that requires counseling and rehabilitation.</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"> Stigma related to
drug use may</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">prevent PWID from seeking HIV testing, care, and treatment.
Studies have shown</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">that people treated for substance abuse are more likely to
start and remain in HIV</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">medical care, adopt safer behaviors, and take their HIV
medications correctly than</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">those not receiving such treatment.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -24px;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px; line-height: 28px;"><br /></span></span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%;">
<b style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"> Social
and economic factors affect access to HIV treatment.</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px; line-height: 28px;"><br /></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">PWID
are </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">at </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">especially high risk for getting and spreading HIV, but often </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">have </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">trouble getting </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">medical treatment for HIV because of social issues. Almost
two </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">thirds (65%) of </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">PWID with HIV reported being homeless, 61% reported being </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">incarcerated, and </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">44% reported having no health facilities in the last 12
months. </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Because of these </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">issues, some providers may hesitate to prescribe HIV
medications </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">to PWID because </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">they believe PWID will not take them correctly. </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Needle exchange </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">programs
are most </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">beneficial when preventing the spread of disease and
illnesses. A </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">needle exchange </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">program gives people a place to dispose of dirty
needles and to get </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">clean needles in </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">their places. PWID who have to reuse
needles are more likely to </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">become ill or to </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">spread disease by sharing needles,
so preventing the need for sharing </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">or reusing </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">needles is vital. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;">
</div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Needle exchange programs
are also used to help PWID learn about how to prevent </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">and minimize the risk of
overdose, how to properly and safely dispose of needles and </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">injection
equipment, and how to inject safely. The needle exchange programs hope</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">to
inform drug users about how they can minimize the harm of drugs on their
bodies, </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">too. </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -24px;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"> Harm-reduction strategies
are key in these programs. Harm reduction, which is </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">defined as reducing the
negative consequences associated with drug use, focuses on </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">abstinence, but it
supports the health and care of anyone who wants to minimize the </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">risks to
themselves, even when participating in a high-risk behavior.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -24px;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px; line-height: 28px;"><br /></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Although NEPs have achieved
global expansion since the first was introduced 17 years ago, NEPs exist in
less than half of the countries reporting HIV infection among PWID. Coverage of
NEPs in most developed and developing countries is low and varies considerably
within and between countries, states, and cities. If we are to truly achieve
optimal syringe coverage both quantitatively and qualitatively, we must have
diverse syringe sources. Our review of the above syringe sources underscores
the need to offer a range of venues where sterile syringes are available to PWID
to achieve maximal syringe coverage. Examples of alternative or supplemental
approaches to enhancing sterile syringe access include pharmacies, physician
prescription, and vending machines. Additional research is needed to determine
what types of programs and which combinations are necessary to reach specific
subgroups of PWID and prevent or reverse epidemics of HIV and viral hepatitis.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">In both developed and
developing countries, the collective experience indicates that </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">there have been
both intentional and unintentional barriers to the provision of sterile </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">syringes to PWID communities. Although these barriers are often specific to
local </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">settings, there are often common structural, legal, and ideological
barriers that can be </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">identified, which is the first step to overcoming them. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -24px;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsscW3dTfYt3ssFROCg-HA31PDnVi-AfI82H68tPexKz8c_xM0CDQR8mky53pdDAz-0DK4l4GFd7-dgf2XyPjKSQNhh9eEoZYUBRSnGEixg5eeC3JcJjTcCKctsP1YXqB-GkArL4aSJ8KY/s1600/Image+2.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="135" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsscW3dTfYt3ssFROCg-HA31PDnVi-AfI82H68tPexKz8c_xM0CDQR8mky53pdDAz-0DK4l4GFd7-dgf2XyPjKSQNhh9eEoZYUBRSnGEixg5eeC3JcJjTcCKctsP1YXqB-GkArL4aSJ8KY/s400/Image+2.bmp" width="400" /></a></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -24px;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -24px;">
<b style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"> References</span></b></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="10" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 7.5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">E. H. Kaplan and R.
Heimer, HIV incidence among New Haven needle exchange participants: updated
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">R. Heimer, Can syringe
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">J. Nelles, The
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">N. Crofts, J.
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">E. C. Buning, R. A.
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">P. Lurie <i>et al.</i>,
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">D. C. Des Jarlais <i>et
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